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In-depth insight on microbial electrochemical systems coupled with membrane bioreactors for performance enhancement: a review

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Abstract

A conventional activated sludge (CAS) system has traditionally been used for secondary treatment in wastewater treatment plants. Due to the high cost of aeration and the problem of sludge treatment, researchers are developing alternatives to the CAS system. A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a technology with higher solid-liquid separation efficiency. However, the use of MBR is limited due to inevitable membrane fouling and high energy consumption. Membrane fouling requires frequent cleaning, and MBR components must be replaced, which reduces membrane lifetime and operating costs. To overcome the limitations of the MBR system, a microbial fuel cell-membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) coupling system has attracted the interest of researchers. The design of the novel bioelectrochemical membrane reactor (BEMR) can effectively couple microbial degradation in the microbial electrochemical system (MES) and generate a microelectric field to reduce and alleviate membrane fouling in the MBR system. In addition, the coupling system combining an MES and an MBR can improve the efficiency of COD and ammonium removal while generating electricity to balance the energy consumption of the system. However, several obstacles must be overcome before the MFC-MBR coupling system can be commercialised. The aim of this study is to provide critical studies of the MBR, MES and MFC-MBR coupling system for wastewater treatment. This paper begins with a critical discussion of the unresolved MBR fouling problem. There are detailed past and current studies of the MES-MBR coupling system with comparison of performances of the system. Finally, the challenges faced in developing the coupling system on a large scale were discussed.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under the UTM R&D Fund with the reference code PY/2022/03085 and the Minister of Higher Education Malaysia under the Prototype Research Grant Scheme (PRGS) with the reference code PRGS/1/2021/TK09/UTM/01/1.

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  1. Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Siti Mariam Daud, Zainura Zainon Noor & Nurul Huda Baharuddin

  2. Faculty of School of Chemical & Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Zainura Zainon Noor & Azmi Aris

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Leburaya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim

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  1. Siti Mariam Daud
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  4. Nurul Huda Baharuddin
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Siti Mariam Daud: writing of original draft, formal analysis, investigation and visualization; Zainura Zainon Noor: supervision, validation and writing which included review and editing; Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim and Nurul Huda Baharuddin: writing which included review and editing; Azmi Aris; supervision and validation

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Daud, S.M., Noor, Z.Z., Mutamim, N.S.A. et al. In-depth insight on microbial electrochemical systems coupled with membrane bioreactors for performance enhancement: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 91636–91648 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28975-y

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