Abstract
In order to assess the metal pollution in the Wujiang River, concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in the water, sediments, and two fish species Cyprinus carpio and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco from the middle reaches (Tuomugang, TMG) and lower reaches (Wulong, WL) of the Wujiang River were examined. The results indicated that all metal concentrations were lower than the values for grade one water quality according to the Environment Quality Standard for Surface Water of China (GB 3838–2002). The bioavailable fraction concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Hg in WL were significantly higher than those in TMG (p < 0.05), indicating that these metals in sediments of WL have higher bioavailability and mobility. The Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, As, and Hg were mainly related to the residual fraction, while the Mn and Cd were mainly associated with the non-residual fraction. The risk assessment code (RAC) and the secondary phase to the primary phase (RSP) values indicated that Mn and Cd have a high risk of secondary release. The mean metal concentrations in the liver of the two fish species were higher than those in muscle. The higher metal concentrations of fish in WL suggested that bioaccumulation of metals in fish could be influenced by metal bioavailability. No identical relationships between metal concentrations and fish length were manifested in the present study. The values of target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) of metals for the consumption of C. carpio and P. fulvidraco indicated that the anglers would likely not experience significant non-carcinogenic risk, but the carcinogenic risk of As cannot be ignored. Thanks to prohibited commercial fishing in the Wujiang River, the metal pollution will probably not pose a health risk to the general public for wild fish consumption.
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The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the demonstration base for rural revitalization service for the transfer and transformation of high-efficiency agricultural science and technology achievements in modern mountainous areas in northern Guizhou Province (No. QJJ [2022]067), and the talent base for environmental protection and mountain agricultural in Chishui River Basin, and the foundation of Zunyi Normal University (No. ZSCXY [2021]04). We thank Zhi Li from University of Oklahoma for his language modification during preparation of this manuscript.
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Shenwen Cai organized this study, conducted the study design, and drafted the manuscript. Shaoqi Zhou and Boping Zeng contributed to the study design. Xiong Yan and Junwei Cheng contributed to the prepared samples. Ye Xiao and Qinghe Wang contributed to sample tests and data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cai, S., Zhou, S., Yan, X. et al. Comparative study on metal concentrations in water, sediments, and two fish species (Cyprinus carpio and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) from the Wujiang River, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 44845–44860 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25533-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25533-4