Abstract
In this study, a back-propagation-neural-network-based ecologically extended input–output model (abbreviated as BPNN-EIOM) is developed for virtual water metabolism network (VWMN) management. BPNN-EIOM can identify key consumption sectors, simulate performance of VWMN, and predict water consumption. BPNN-EIOM is then applied to analyzing VWMN of Kazakhstan, where multiple scenarios under different gross domestic production (GDP) growth rates, sectoral added values, and final demands are designed for determining the optimal management strategies. The major findings are (i) Kazakhstan typically relies on net virtual water import (reaching 1497.9 × 106 m3 in 2015); (ii) agriculture is the major exporter and advanced manufacture is the major importer; (iii) by 2025, Kazakhstan’s water consumption would increase to [19322, 22016] × 106 m3 under multiple scenarios; (iv) when Kazakhstan’s GDP growth rate, manufacturing’s added value, and final demand are scheduled to 5.5%, 8.5%, and 5.8%, its VWMN can reach the optimum. The findings are useful for decision makers to optimize Kazakhstan’s industrial structure, mitigate the national water scarcity, and promote its socio-economic sustainable development.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions.
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This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20060302), the Fund for Innovative Research Group of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52221003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52279003), and the Youth Program of Fujian Provincial Social Sciences Foundation of China (FJ2020C010).
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Zhenhao Ma: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing; Jing Liu: Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—review & editing; Yongping Li: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing—review & editing; Hao Zhang: Writing—review & editing; Licheng Fang: Writing—review & editing.
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Ma, Z., Liu, J., Li, Y. et al. A BPNN-based ecologically extended input–output model for virtual water metabolism network management of Kazakhstan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 43752–43767 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25280-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25280-6