Abstract
This paper evaluates the valorization potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibers produced on HM-contaminated soil as a safe feedstock for the textile industry. The chosen strategy was phytoattenuation, which combines the progressive soil quality improvement of contaminated land using phytoremediation techniques with the production of safe non-food biomass. A field experiment was set up with two hemp cultivars on a site contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Zn and on a nearby site containing clean soil as a control. Stem height and diameter were analyzed, as well as stem and fiber yield and the HM concentrations in the fibers, which were compared to legal safety standards and toxicity thresholds used in the textile industry. The hemp cultivar Carmagnola Selected (CS) had a significantly higher stem and bigger stem diameter compared to cultivar USO 31 on both sites. Stem yields showed a decrease of 30% and 50%, respectively, for both hemp cultivars grown on the contaminated site. However, the stem yield of CS growing on the contaminated site was similar to the stem yield of USO 31 growing on the control site, indicating that hemp cultivation on contaminated soil can be economically viable. Total and extractable Cd, Pb, and Zn fiber concentrations were far below the toxicity standards for textile production purposes. These results are promising in terms of the potential valorization of contaminated land with hemp cultivation and the development of a non-food value chain within a phytoattenuation strategy.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Romain Vion, who provided the soil sites for the field trial and helped with the sowing and harvesting and the management of the plantation on site. The authors are also grateful to Inagro, who provided a drying space for the hemp after harvest, and to HoGent, who provided the USO 31 hemp seeds and gave access to their manual stem breaker for the hemp stem decortication. The authors express their gratitude to the Interreg France-Wallonie-Vlaanderen project New-C-Land Project (with the support of the European Regional Development Fund, grant number:1.2.294), the Public Waste Agency in the region of Flanders (OVAM), the Province West Flanders, and the Walloon Region for their financial support in the accomplished research.
Funding
This research was co-funded by the New-C-Land Project (Interreg France-Wallonie-Vlaanderen, with the support of the European Regional Development Fund, grant number:1.2.294), OVAM, the Province West Flanders, and the Walloon Region.
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Béatrice De Vos: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, writing—review and editing, visualization. Marcella F. De Souza: conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration. Evi Michels: writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition. Erik Meers: conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Appendix 1
See Fig. 5
Location of the former metallurgic plant of Metaleurop-Nord (yellow dot), the contaminated site (red dot) and the control site (green dot) in the North of France
Appendix 2
See Fig. 6
a Hemp at 50% flowering; b hemp fibers from field retted hemp; c lab-scale decorticator (breaker)
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De Vos, B., De Souza, M.F., Michels, E. et al. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) field cultivation in a phytoattenuation strategy and valorization potential of the fibers for textile production. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 41665–41681 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25198-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25198-z