Abstract
Degradation of grease waste remains a challenging task. Current work deals with the biotransformation of grease waste into fatty acids under submerged fermentation using Penicillium chrysogenum SNP5 through media formulation and artificial neural network (ANN). Fermentation media was formulated to ameliorate the uptake of hydrocarbon by enhancing alkane hydroxylase (AlkB) activity, extracellular release of fatty acids and inhibiting beta-oxidation of fatty acid by regulating transketolase. Further, the process parameters of fermentation were optimized through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using three critical variables viz; inoculum size (spores/ml), pH, and incubation time (days) while media engineering was done with the optimal supplementation of various medium components such as glucose, YPD, MnSO4, tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) and phloretin. The maximum conversion of 66.5% of grease waste into fatty acid was achieved at optimum conditions: inoculums size 3.36 × 107 spores/ml, incubation time 11.5 days, pH 7.2 along with formulated media composed of 1% grease in czapek-dox medium supplemented with 55.5 mM glucose, 0.5% YPD, 16.6 mM hexadecane, 1 mM MnSO4, 1 mM THB, and 1 mM phloretin. The presence of long-chain fatty acids in purified extracts such as oleic acid and octadecanoic acid as end products has valued the evolved process as another source of alternative fuel.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.
References
Ayala M, Torres E (2004) Enzymatic activation of alkanes: constraints and prospective. Appl Catal A Gen 272:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.05.046
Bergelson LD, Dyatlovitskaya EV, Voronkova VV (1964) Complete structural analysis of fatty acid mixtures by thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 15:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)82767-9
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37(8):911–917
Chiu HH, Kuo CH (2020) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples. J Food Drug Anal 28:60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2019.10.003
Cruz JM, Dominguez JM, Dominguez H, Parajo JC (2000) Preparation of fermentation media from agricultural wastes and their bioconversion into xylitol. Food Biotechnol 14:79–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/08905430009549981
Dhanarajan G, Rangarajan V, Bandi C, Dixit A, Das S, Ale K, Sen R (2017) Biosurfactant-biopolymer driven microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) and its optimization by an ANN-GA hybrid technique. J Biotechnol 256:46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.007
Dutta JR, Dutta PK, Banerjee R (2004) Optimization of culture parameters for extracellular protease production from a newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. using response surface and artificial neural network models. Process Biochem 39:2193–2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.009
Epa N, Mass NIH, Library S (2004) NIST 2008 user guide. Natl Inst Stand Technol NIST, pp 1–49
Ismail SA, Serwa A, Abood A, Fayed B, Ismail SA, Hashem AM (2019) A study of the use of deep artificial neural network in the optimization of the production of antifungal exochitinase compared with the response surface methodology. Jordan J Biol Sci 12:543–551
Johnson BL (1997) Hazardous waste: human health effects. Toxicol Ind Health 13:121–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379701300203
Katdare A, Thakkar S, Dhepale S, Khunt D, Misra M (2019) Fatty acids as essential adjuvants to treat various ailments and their role in drug delivery: a review. Nutrition 65:138–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.008
Kumar S, Mathur A, Singh V, Nandy S, Khare SK, Negi S (2012) Bioremediation of waste cooking oil using a novel lipase produced by Penicillium chrysogenum SNP5 grown in solid medium containing waste grease. Bioresour Technol 120:300–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.018
Kumari A, Ahmad R, Negi S, Khare SK (2017) Biodegradation of waste grease by Penicillium chrysogenum for production of fatty acid. Bioresour Technol 226:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.006
Likozar B, Levec J (2014) Effect of process conditions on equilibrium, reaction kinetics and mass transfer for triglyceride transesterification to biodiesel: experimental and modeling based on fatty acid composition. Fuel Process Technol 122:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.017
Likozar B, Pohar A, Levec J (2016) Transesterification of oil to biodiesel in a continuous tubular reactor with static mixers: modelling reaction kinetics, mass transfer, scale-up and optimization considering fatty acid composition. Fuel Process Technol 142:326–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.10.035
Mang T, Dresel W (2007) Lubricants and lubrication. Lubr Lubr Second Ed 1–850.https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527610341
Nayak M, Dhanarajan G, Dineshkumar R, Sen R (2018) Artificial intelligence driven process optimization for cleaner production of biomass with co-valorization of wastewater and flue gas in an algal biorefinery. J Clean Prod 201:1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.048
Negi S, Kumar S (2012) Evaluation of techniques used for parameters estimation: an application to bioremediation of grease waste. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 167:1613–1621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9562-6
Nielsen JE, Borchert TV, Vriend G (2001) The determinants of α-amylase pH-activity profiles. Protein Eng 14:505–512. https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/14.7.505
Pearson D (1976) In: The chemical analysis of foods (7th Ed.) Churchill Livingstone:493
Ramteke SP, Patil DV, Patil NP (2012) Neural network approach to mathematical expression recognition system. Int J Eng Res Technol 1(10):2278–0181
Rubin D, Rubin EJ (1988) Method of extraction and purification of polyunsaturated fatty acids from natural sources. United States Century Laboratories. Inc.(Port Washington, NY), 4792418.
Sathishkumar M, Binupriya AR, Baik SH, Yun SE (2008) Biodegradation of crude oil by individual bacterial strains and a mixed bacterial consortium isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated areas. Clean - Soil, Air, Water 36:92–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.200700042
Sebiomo A, Bankole SA, Awosanya AO (2010) Determination of the ability of microorganisms isolated from mechanic soil to utilise lubricating oil as carbon source. African J Microbiol Res 4:2257–2264
Selvakumar P, Kavitha S, Sivashanmugam P (2019) Optimization of process parameters for efficient bioconversion of thermo-chemo pretreated Manihot esculenta Crantz YTP1 stem to ethanol. Waste Biomass Valorization 10:2177–2191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0244-7
Soussan L, Pen N, Belleville MP, Marcano JS, Paolucci-Jeanjean D (2016) Alkane biohydroxylation: interests, constraints and future developments. J Biotechnol 222:117–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.007
Stoll U, Gupta H (1997) Management strategies for oil and grease residues. Waste Manag Res 15:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1006/wmre.1996.0062
Suryawanshi N, Sahu J, Moda Y, Eswari JS (2020) Optimization of process parameters for improved chitinase activity from Thermomyces sp. by using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 50:1031–1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2020.1780612
U.S. EPA (1994) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Chemical in the Environment: Acrylamide. EPA 79—06-1, Washington DC
Van Beilen JB, Duetz WA, Schmid A, Witholt B (2003) Practical issues in the application of oxygenases. Trends Biotechnol 21:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7799(03)00032-5
Van Beilen JB, Funhoff EG (2007) Alkane hydroxylases involved in microbial alkane degradation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-006-0748-0
Vinoth Arul Raj J, Praveen Kumar R, Vijayakumar B, Gnansounou E, Bharathiraja B (2021) Modelling and process optimization for biodiesel production from Nannochloropsis salina using artificial neural network. Bioresour Technol 329:124872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124872
Wentzel A, Ellingsen TE, Kotlar HK, Zotchev SB, Throne-Holst M (2007) Bacterial metabolism of long-chain n-alkanes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:1209–1221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1119-1
Widdel F, Rabus R (2001) Anaerobic biodegradation of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Curr Opin Biotechnol 12:259–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00209-3
Yan J, Li A, Xu Y, Ngo TP, Phua S, Li Z (2012) Efficient production of biodiesel from waste grease: one-pot esterification and transesterification with tandem lipases. Bioresour Technol 123:332–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.103
Yang Y, Liu J, Li Z (2014) Engineering of P450pyr hydroxylase for the highly regio- and enantioselective subterminal hydroxylation of alkanes. Angew Chemie - Int Ed 53:3120–3124. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201311091
Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Xu S, Shang Z, Xia M, Wang M (2019) Efficient production of androstenedione by repeated batch fermentation in waste cooking oil media through regulating NAD+/NADH ratio and strengthening cell vitality of Mycobacterium neoaurum. Bioresour Technol 279:209–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.144
Funding
The authors are grateful to DBT, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India for providing financial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Lab experiments were mainly conducted by Satyapriy Das and Farhan Anjum. The design and concept were mainly conceived by Sangeeta Negi and Sunil Khare. The manuscript has been written and edited by Satyapriy Das and Sangeeta Negi. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and have no conflict of interest.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Negi, S., Anjum, F., Khare, S. et al. Biotransformation of grease waste into fatty acid by Penicillium chrysogenum SNP5 through media engineering and artificial neural network. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 39653–39665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24990-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24990-7