Abstract
This research surveyed the concentrations of five organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in vegetables with the purpose of assessing the potential integrated health risks of residents. From 2018 to 2020, 870 samples of eight kinds of vegetables from Zhejiang Province were collected. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) analyzed the five OPs. OPs were most frequently detected in celery (18.9% of samples), cowpeas (18.3% of samples), and leeks (16.9% of samples) compared to other vegetables. Among the 11 cities in Zhejiang, the cities with high detection rates of OPs were Ningbo and Hangzhou. The integrated concentrations of OPs in different cities ranged from 71.9 to 376 μg/kg. The cumulative risk assessment revealed that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of leek in Wenzhou was the highest, which was 0.0077 (mg/kg bw) and 0.0059 (mg/kg bw) in adults and children respectively. The health risks of residents who consume these vegetables were within a safe range. The data provided demonstrate the distribution and potential health hazards of OPs in commonly consumed vegetables.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
Alavanja MCR, Hoppin JA, Kamel F (2004) Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Annu Rev Public Health 25:155–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020
Bakırcı GT, YamanAcay DB, Bakırcı F, Ötleş S (2014) Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from the Aegean region, Turkey. Food Chem 160:379–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.051
Berrada H, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ et al (2010) Surveillance of pesticide residues in fruits from Valencia during twenty months (2004/05). Food Control 21:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.03.011
Boon PE, Van der Voet H, Van Raaij MTM, Van Klaveren JD (2008) Cumulative risk assessment of the exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in the Dutch diet. Food Chem Toxicol 46:3090–3098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.083
Chen C, Qian Y, Chen Q et al (2011) Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Xiamen, China. Food Control 22:1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.007
Chen Z, Xu Y, Li N et al (2019) A national-scale cumulative exposure assessment of organophosphorus pesticides through dietary vegetable consumption in China. Food Control 104:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.015
Dadson OA, Ellison CA, Singleton ST et al (2013) Metabolism of profenofos to 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol, a specific and sensitive exposure biomarker. Toxicology 306:35–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.023
De Gavelle E, De Lauzon-Guillain B, Charles M-A et al (2016) Chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues and associated risk in the French ELFE cohort of pregnant women. Environ Int 92–93:533–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.007
Deng G-F, Lin X, Xu X-R et al (2013) Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents of 56 vegetables. J Functional Foods 5:260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2012.10.015
Di S, Cang T, Qi P et al (2019) A systemic study of enantioselectivity of isocarbophos in rice cultivation: enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity, and environmental fate. J Hazard Mater 375:305–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.002
Heffernan A, English K, Toms L, Calafat AM, Valentin-Blasini L, Hobson P, Broomhall S, Ware RS, Jagals P, Sly PD, Mueller JF (2016) Cross-sectional biomonitoring study of pesticide exposures in Queensland, Australia, using pooled urine samples. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:23436–23448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7571-7
Hernández AF, Parrón T, Tsatsakis AM et al (2013) Toxic effects of pesticide mixtures at a molecular level: their relevance to human health. Toxicology 307:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.009
Hossain MS, Fakhruddin ANM, Chowdhury AZM et al (2015) Health risk assessment of selected pesticide residues in locally produced vegetables of Bangladesh. Int Food Res J 22:110–115
Jin Y, Liu Z, Peng T, Fu Z (2015) The toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the early life stage of zebrafish: a survey on the endpoints at development, locomotor behavior, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 43:405–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.010
Jonker D, Freidig AP, Groten JP et al (2004) Safety evaluation of chemical mixtures and combinations of chemical and non-chemical stressors. Rev Environ Health 19(2):83–139
Karami-Mohajeri S, Ahmadipour A, Rahimi H-R, Abdollahi M (2017) Adverse effects of organophosphorus pesticides on the liver: a brief summary of four decades of research. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol 68:261–275. https://doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2989
Li H, Tyler Mehler W, Lydy MJ, You J (2011) Occurrence and distribution of sediment-associated insecticides in urban waterways in the Pearl River Delta, China. Chemosphere 82:1373–1379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.074
Ling Y, Wang H, Yong W et al (2011) The effects of washing and cooking on chlorpyrifos and its toxic metabolites in vegetables. Food Control 22:54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.06.009
Liu T, Deng J, Zhou F et al (2014) Progress on degradation and residue analysis of chlorpyrifos in soil. Chin Agric Sci Bull 30:26–34
Moser VC, Casey M, Hamm A, Carter WH (2005) Neurotoxicological and statistical analyses of a mixture of five organophosphorus pesticides using a ray design|toxicological sciences|Oxford Academic. Toxicol Sci 86:101–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfi163
Quijano L, Yusa V, Font G, Pardo O (2016) Chronic cumulative risk assessment of the exposure to organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid and pyrethrin pesticides through fruit and vegetables consumption in the region of Valencia (Spain). Food Chem Toxicol 89:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.004
Shaban NZ, El-Kersh MAL, El-Rashidy FH, Habashy NH (2013) Protective role of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel and seed oil extracts on diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital-induced hepatic injury in male rats. Food Chem 141:1587–1596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.134
Shaban NZ, El-Kersh M, Bader-Eldin MM et al (2014) Effect of Punica granatum (pomegranate) juice extract on healthy liver and hepatotoxicity induced by diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital in male rats. J Med Food 17:339–349. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0306
Soltaninejad K, Abdollahi M (2009) Current opinion on the science of organophosphate pesticides and toxic stress: a systematic review. Med Sci Monit 15(3):RA75–90
Song Y, Lu X, Ren F (2011) Variability of pesticide residues in vegetables from the marketplaces in Jinan City. Agric Sci China 10:1646–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60163-6
Subash V, kumar, Md F, Y S, et al (2010) Current review on organophosphorus poisoning. Arch Appl Sci Res 2:199–215
Sun J, Wen Y, Gao J, Xiao Z (2014) Analysis for pesticide residue monitoring in celery. J Agric Resour Environ 31:151–154
Swarnam TP, Velmurugan A (2013) Pesticide residues in vegetable samples from the Andaman Islands, India. Environ Monit Assess 185:6119–6127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3012-3
US EPA (2002) Guidance on cumulative risk assessment of pesticides chemicals that have a common mechanism of toxicity. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency
Wang J, Xia Q, Zhang A et al (2012) Determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in vegetables by an enzyme inhibition method using alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour. J Zhejiang Univ-SCI B 13:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B11a0180
Wang S, Wang Z, Zhang Y et al (2013) Pesticide residues in market foods in Shaanxi Province of China in 2010. Food Chem 138:2016–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.116
Wu C, Zhao Z (2016) Dissipation behavior of phorate and its toxic metabolites in the sandy clay loam soil of a tropical sugarcane ecosystem using a single-step sample preparation method and GC-MS. J Anal Sci 32:294–296
Wu L, Zhou X, Zhao D et al (2017) Seasonal variation and exposure risk assessment of pesticide residues in vegetables from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China during 2010–2014. J Food Compos Anal 58:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2016.12.025
Yu R, Liu Q, Liu J et al (2016) Concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh vegetables and related human health risk assessment in Changchun, Northeast China. Food Control 60:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.013
Yu L, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang B (2019) Identification and dissipation of omethoate and its main metabolite DMP in wheat determined by UPLC-QTOF/MS. J Agric Food Chem 67:5891–5898. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06799
Zentai A, Szabó IJ, Kerekes K, Ambrus Á (2016) Risk assessment of the cumulative acute exposure of Hungarian population to organophosphorus pesticide residues with regard to consumers of plant based foods. Food Chem Toxicol 89:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.016
Zhang Q, Li Z, Chang CH et al (2018) Potential human exposures to neonicotinoid insecticides: a review. Environ Pollut 236:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.101
Zhang Q, Ying Z, Tang T et al (2021) Residual characteristics and potential integrated risk assessment of synthetic pyrethroids in leafy vegetables from Zhejiang in China–based on a 3-year investigation. Food Chem 365:130389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130389
Zhang Q, Li J, Lin S, Ying Z, Hu S, Wang Y, Mo X (2022) Organophosphate flame retardants in Hangzhou tap water system: occurrence, distribution, and exposure risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 849:157644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157644
Zheng N, Wang Q, Zhang X et al (2007) Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huludao city, China. Sci Total Environ 387:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.07.044
Funding
This study was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR21B070001) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (22276173).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Rui Cao, Zeteng Ying, Shitao Hu, Yitian Xu, Bin Guo, and Quan Zhang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Rui Cao, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Q., Cao, R., Tang, T. et al. The integrated exposure assessment and potential risks of five organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables in Zhejiang, China (2018–2020). Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 28916–28924 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24181-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24181-4