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Assessment of groundwater geochemistry for drinking and irrigation suitability in Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh using GIS-based statistical inference

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Abstract

The quality of groundwater in the Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh is poorly studied despite the fact that it is the only supply of water for both drinking and irrigation and people use it without any pre-treatment. The evaluation of groundwater quality and suitability for drinking and irrigation is presented in this study. Groundwater samples were collected and analysed by standard neutralisation and atomic emission spectrophotometry for major anions (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, F−, NO3−), cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and heavy metals (Cd, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Pb). The geographic information system (GIS) and statistical inferences were utilised for the spatial mapping of the groundwater’s parameters. The potential water abstraction (i.e. taking water from sources such as rivers, streams, canals, and underground) for irrigation was assessed using the sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Na percentage. According to the findings, the majority of the samples had higher EC, TDS, and TH levels, indicating that they should be avoided for drinking and irrigation. The positive correlation coefficient between chemical variability shows that the water chemistry of the studied region is influenced by geochemical and biological causes. According to the USSL (United States Salinity Laboratory) diagram, most of the samples fall under the C2-S1 and C3-S1 moderate to high salt categories. Some groundwater samples were classified as C4-S3 class which is unfit for irrigation and drinking. This study suggests that the groundwater in the study area is unfit for drinking without treatment. However, the majority of the samples were suitable for irrigation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work through the project number IFPIP: 1135-117-1442 and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work through the project number IFPIP: 1135–117-1442 and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

    Pradip Kumar Maurya

  2. Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, UP, 202002, India

    Sk Ajim Ali

  3. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Syed Kashif Zaidi

  4. Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia

    Samina Wasi

  5. King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Shams Tabrez

  6. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Shams Tabrez

  7. ICAR-National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, RC, Udaipur, 313001, India

    Lal Chand Malav

  8. Center of Excellence in Sustainable Disaster Management, School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand

    Pakorn Ditthakit

  9. Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam

    Cao Truong Son

  10. Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Marina M. S. Cabral-Pinto

  11. Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, India

    Krishna Kumar Yadav

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  1. Pradip Kumar Maurya
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  2. Sk Ajim Ali
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Contributions

PKM: Methodology, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. SAA: Conceptualisation, methodology, writing—original draft, and supervision. SKZ: Data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, and project administration. SW: Data curation and writing—original draft. ST: Resources, data curation, and writing—review and editing. LCM: writing—original draft and writing—review and editing. PD: Formal analysis, validation, and original draft. CTS: Formal analysis, validation, and writing—review and editing. MMSCP: Formal analysis, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. KKY: Writing—original draft, review and editing, formal analysis, validation, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Krishna Kumar Yadav.

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Maurya, P.K., Ali, S.A., Zaidi, S.K. et al. Assessment of groundwater geochemistry for drinking and irrigation suitability in Jaunpur district of Uttar Pradesh using GIS-based statistical inference. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 29407–29431 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23959-w

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