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Modeling runoff-sediment influx responses to alternative BMP interventions in the Gojeb watershed, Ethiopia, using the SWAT hydrological model

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Abstract

The Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been calibrated over a 33-year period to evaluate the Gojeb watershed’s hydrological processes, sediment yield with downstream loading to the Gibe III dam, and erosion hotspot locations. Best management practices (BMPs) were run through the model to simulate the effects of watershed intervention scenarios on sediment yield and runoff. Simulation results of BMP intervention were compared with the reference and worst-case scenarios. The simulation of sediment production indicates a clear growing trend. Temporally, the maximum amount of sediment transported out of the watershed is experiential from June to September, and the minimum is in February. A plainly defined similar orientation is observed between precipitation, surface runoff, and sediment load in the landscape. Spatially, the maximum sediment transported out of the watershed is from agricultural landscape units with a slope of over 50%, annual precipitation above 1592 mm, and surface runoff over 151 mm. This signifies that the watershed is under serious threat from erosion due to vegetation loss, steep slope farming, and high surface runoff. Gibe III is a 243-m high roller compacted gravity dam built on the Omo-Gibe River basin in Ethiopia for hydroelectric power and downstream flood control. It is one of Africa’s tallest dams, with an annual electric output of 1870 MW that began operation in 2016. Thus, Gibe III could see a loss of storage capacity due to higher-than-expected sedimentation resulting from worsening environmental degradation, which implies that the beneficial uses that depend on this dam — electricity production, regulated irrigation water supply, and flood control — will decline with significant economic losses. Despite that, selected sustainable land management interventions and the application of BMPs to critical erosion-prone hotspot areas can support the overall reduction in total sediment yield and surface runoff.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The research project stands to benefit from a small subgrant for cost reimbursement made by the World Resource Institute (WRI) Ethiopia, under subgrant partner No. RAM26. The authors would also like to thank the Addis Ababa University (AAU) Water and Land Resource Centre (WLRC) for assisting with the field work, providing research materials, data, and organizing the analysis and write-up environment.

Funding

World Resource Institute cost reimbursement subgrant made to Water and Land Resource Center under subgrant partner No.RAM26 implicitly benefited the research. The cost reimbursement subgrant covers a portion of the cost of attending symposia, data collection, and field validation activities, whereas research support from Water and Land resource Center at Addis Ababa University covers a portion of author Y.A.’s salary, equipment, data, supplies, and office space.

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  1. Water and Land Resource Center (WLRC), Addis Ababa University (AAU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Yilikal Anteneh, Tena Alamirew, Gete Zeleke & Tibebu Kassawmar

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Contributions

All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis or interpretation of SWAT hydrological data and BMP were performed by YA. TA and GZ reviewed and edited the study and improved the language of the manuscript. TK processed information on the land use land cover dynamics of the study. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YA and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors contributed in the final writing process and read and approved the final manuscript.

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Anteneh, Y., Alamirew, T., Zeleke, G. et al. Modeling runoff-sediment influx responses to alternative BMP interventions in the Gojeb watershed, Ethiopia, using the SWAT hydrological model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 22816–22834 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23711-4

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