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Ten bisphenol analogs were abundantly found in swine and bovine urines collected from two Chinese farms: concentration profiles and risk evaluation

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Abstract

Bisphenol analogs (BPs) in livestock urine are important biomarkers to reflect the potential contaminants in food products derived from these animals. Nevertheless, little research has been done on their occurrence in farm animal urine. This work investigated ten BPs in swine and bovine urines collected from two Chinese farms. Results showed that all of these ten BPs were frequently detected in swine and bovine urines. The total mean concentration of the ten BPs (ΣBPs) in sow urines was 59.7 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of the boar urine with a mean concentration of 37.0 ng/mL (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the corresponding mean concentration of ΣBPs in dairy cattle urine was 59.6 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of the beef cattle urine with 37.0 ng/mL (p < 0.05). The respective mean concentration contribution ratios of BPA to ΣBPs in boar, sow, dairy, and beef cattle urines were only 14.9%, 21.4%, 9.0%, and 14.6%, which clearly indicated that BPA was no longer the dominant BP. The average daily urinary excretion rates of ΣBPs by boar, sow, dairy, and beef cattle were 37.0, 59.8, 167.0, and 36.8 times that of human, which suggested that swine and bovine likely encountered high dosage exposure of BPs in the two Chinese livestock farms. Our results showed that feeds and nutritional supplements as unintentionally added contaminants were the main sources of BPs to swine and bovine. As swine and bovine are important food sources for human being, part of BPs exposed to livestock eventually would enter human body via meat or milk. Therefore, quality controls of these feeds or nutritional supplements are quite important in order to guarantee welfare of livestock as well as protect health of our human beings.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21577040; no. 21107025); Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (no.201904010100; no. 201510010162); special funds for public welfare research and capacity building in Guangdong Province (no. 2015A020215003), Zhongshan Public Water Co. LTD for water micropollutant project (no. ZPW-2020-A-010), and the Guangdong Science and Technology Program (2020B121201003).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Hao Wang, Zhao Tang, Ze-hua Liu, Jun Zhang & Zhi Dang

  2. School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China

    Hao Wang & Feng Zeng

  3. Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

  4. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

  5. Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

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  1. Hao Wang
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  2. Zhao Tang
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  3. Ze-hua Liu
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  4. Feng Zeng
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  5. Jun Zhang
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Contributions

Hao Wang: data analysis and original draft preparation. Zhao Tang: data analysis. Ze-hua Liu: supervisor, funding support, and writing review. Feng Zeng: co-supervisor and equipment support. Jun Zhang: sample collection. Zhi Dang: writing review.

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Correspondence to Ze-hua Liu.

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Wang, H., Tang, Z., Liu, Zh. et al. Ten bisphenol analogs were abundantly found in swine and bovine urines collected from two Chinese farms: concentration profiles and risk evaluation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 13407–13417 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23089-3

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