Abstract
In this study, the feasibility of two heterogeneous catalysis (non-Fenton heterogeneous catalysis and catalytic ozonation) was evaluated for the oxidative transformation of the fungicide procymidone and its major metabolite (3,5-dichloroaniline; 3,5-DCA) under a pilot lab experiment. Among the studied treatments, only H2O2 or O3 significantly oxidized procymidone and 3,5-DCA. However, heterogeneous catalysis used with various types of MnO2 catalysts was found to be an effective rapid strategy for transformation of procymidone and its aniline metabolite. Among the studied catalysts, δ-MnO2 performed well in the enhanced oxidative transformation of procymidone and 3,5-DCA in MnO2-mediator system assay. The optimal reaction parameters, such as reaction pH, and initial catalyst concentration were comparatively evaluated. However, heterogeneous catalysis and catalytic ozonation were revealed as the rapid strategy for oxidative transformation of investigated procymidone and 3,5-DCA as compared to single oxidation by peroxide/ozone. Finally, as a novel insight of this investigation, a postulated reaction mechanism underlying the accelerated transformation of aniline metabolites via heterogeneous catalysis was explored. The findings of this study will open new avenues for evaluating heterogeneous catalysis during oxidative transformation of non-phenolic pollutants in both lab trial and field applications. This study can be expanded for use in actual field settings, using environmental samples from contaminated areas exposed to non-phenolic pesticides and their metabolites.
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Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- MMS:
-
MnO2-mediator system
- δ-MMS:
-
δ-MnO2-mediator system
- HPLC-UVD:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet detector
- SPE:
-
Solid-phase extraction (using for sample clean up in chromatography)
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- MOF:
-
Metal-organic framework
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The authors are grateful to Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea, for proofreading, plagiarism checking, and other technical supports throughout the writing period of the paper
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This research work was supported by the 2021 research fund of Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Aniruddha Sarker, Tofazzal Islam, and Jang-Eok Kim. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Aniruddha Sarker, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sarker, A., Islam, T. & Kim, JE. A pilot lab trial for enhanced oxidative transformation of procymidone fungicide and its aniline metabolite using heterogeneous MnO2 catalysts. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 3783–3794 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22520-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22520-z