Abstract
Due to processing activity, fruits and vegetables generate notable amounts of wastes at the processing, retail, and consumption level. Following the European goals for reducing food wastes and achieving a circular economy of resources, these biowastes should be valorized. In this work, hydrothermal hydrolysis at different conditions (temperatures, times, waste/water ratio, pH values) were tested to treat for first time; biowastes composed of mixed overripe fruits or vegetables to maximize the extraction of fermentable sugars that can be used as substrates in bioprocesses. Experimental data were fitted by a model based on irreversible first-order reactions, and kinetic constants were obtained. When hydrolysis of fruit wastes was carried out at 135 °C and pH 5 during 40 min, more than 40 g of reducing sugars per 100 g of waste (dry weight) could be obtained (represents an extraction of 97% of total carbohydrates). Concentrations of inhibitor compounds (HMF, furfural, acetic acid) in the hydrolysates were very low and, as example, a fermentation to obtain bioethanol was successfully carried out with an efficiency above 95%. Additionally, the production by hydrothermal treatment of bioactive compounds was investigated and the best results obtained were 92% DPPH inhibition and 12 mg GAE/g (dry weight) for antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds, respectively. These values are similar or even higher than those reported in literature using specific parts of fruits and vegetables.
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This work was supported by the Science, Innovation and University Office of Principality of Asturias (Spain) through project GRUPO AYUD/2021/51041 and by PHB Weserhütte through project FUO-106-19.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Conceptualization, investigation, data curation, and formal analysis were performed by Marta Sánchez, Amanda Laca, and Adriana Laca. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Marta Sánchez. The revision and edition of the manuscript were performed by Amanda Laca and Adriana Laca. Funding acquisition and supervision were performed by Mario Diaz. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Sánchez, M., Laca, A., Laca, A. et al. Towards food circular economy: hydrothermal treatment of mixed vegetable and fruit wastes to obtain fermentable sugars and bioactive compounds. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 3901–3917 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22486-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22486-y