Abstract
Paraquat is a highly toxic and persistent pesticide in soil but is still used for wheat crops in many countries. Paraquat can pose potential health hazards if it is translocated from soil into wheat grains, but no study is available for its possible translocation causing wheat grain contamination. The present study aimed at finding out Paraquat residue in wheat grains under field conditions for two crop seasons to explore the sustainability of this pesticide. The experiments were conducted scientifically under field conditions at agricultural fields Pusa, Delhi, India. The soil texture was classified as sandy loam. Paraquat dichloride 24% SL (herbicide) was applied on five fields except for control field. Paraquat in wheat grains was analyzed using HPLC equipped with a photodiode array (PDA) detector. The method of analysis was validated for the pesticide residue recovery. The results showed that there was an alarming concentration of Paraquat in wheat grains ranging between 21.6 and 49.02 mg kg−1 against maximum residue level of 0.1 mg kg−1. Paraquat was also found in control crop (3.1 mg kg−1) due to background residue in soil even when no Paraquat was applied. Furthermore, wheat flour samples from market also gave alarming Paraquat residue (20.39, 25.88, and 27.68 mg kg−1). Paraquat residue was primarily dependent on % clay in field soils. More the % clay lesser was Paraquat residue in wheat grain. Thus, Paraquat was translocated from soil into wheat grains and resulted in worrying concentration of Paraquat residue in wheat grains. Consequently, use of Paraquat for wheat crops needs to be regulated as it contaminated the soil and resulted in the wheat grain contamination posing severe health hazards for humans.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. V K Singh, Head, Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India, for providing dedicated agricultural fields for the study.
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Sandhya Gupta: methodology, validation, resources, investigation, data curation and analysis, writing—original draft, visualization.
Navneet Kumar Garg: conceptualization, methodology, resources, formal analysis, writing—review and editing, supervision, visualization.
Kapila Shekhawat: resources, investigation.
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Gupta, S., Garg, N.K. & Shekhawat, K. Regulation of Paraquat for wheat crop contamination. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 70909–70920 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20816-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20816-8