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Temporal variation in leachate composition of a newly constructed landfill site in Lahore in context to environmental pollution and risks

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Abstract

This study investigated the seasonal and temporal variations in the extent and source of physiochemical and toxic trace elements in the Lakhodair landfill site of Lahore, Pakistan. For this purpose, systematic composite samples were collected every month, consecutively for 1 year, and analyzed for different physiochemical parameters and trace elements. The results of TDS, TSS, COD, NH3-N, BOD5, sulfate, sulfides, phenolic compounds, and oil and grease were higher than the national environmental quality standard (NEQs). The concentrations of trace elements, especially Mn (1.7 mg/L) and Cd (0.05 mg/L), were above the MPL, while Fe (14 mg/L), Ni (1.6 mg/L), and Zn (6.7 mg/L) were also found higher than the NEQs in some samples. In Lakhodair leachates, the TDS, COD, NH3-N, BOD5, sulfides, and Cl− have high concentration coefficient (i.e., CC 3 to > 6), which falls in the category of considerable to high contamination and risk level, while the remaining parameters were in the category of low to moderate contamination (CC 1 to ≤ 3) and moderate risk. The lower BOD5/COD ratio (< 0.1) in spring and autumn seasons represents the active methanogenesis and anaerobic activities in the Lakhodair landfill site. The anaerobic and methanogenesis activities enhance the redox reaction as a result of CO2 emission, which increases the pH, TDS, COD, Cl−, BOD5, NH3-N, sulfides, and phenolic compounds in the leachate site. However, the lower concentrations of some trace elements in leachate may be because of an anaerobic process that may immobilize the trace elements. It is presumed that the trace elements in the Lakhodair landfill may be in a metastable state, which is difficult to leach out. It is hereby recommended that leachate produced in the Lakhodair landfill site should be handled carefully to limit the environmental and health implications.

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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, is highly acknowledged for providing laboratory facilities, financial support for fieldwork, and encouragement during the entire period of research. We are grateful to the Lahore waste management company for providing solid waste data and accessibility to a landfill site. The authors highly acknowledge Dr. Nisar Muhammad (Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan), Dr. Du Yajun (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China), and Prof. Dr. Safdar Ali (HEC) for improving the English of the manuscript.

Funding

The study has been financially supported by the College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore Pakistan, and the National Academy of Higher Education-Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing funds (134/IPFP-II(Batch-I)/SRGP/NAHE/HEC/2020/227).

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  1. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Mahsoon Ashraf, Muhammad Zeshan, Sadia Hafeez, Rahib Hussain, Abdul Qadir, Muzaffar Majid & Sajid Rashid Ahmad

  2. School of Food and Nutrition, Minhaj University Lahore, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan

    Farman Ahmad

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  1. Mahsoon Ashraf
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Contributions

MZ, SH, MA, and AQ proposed the main concept, fieldwork, laboratory work, and involved in the write-up. RH and SRA assisted in fieldwork, experimental design, and scientific work rectification and proofreading. MM and FA are involved in experimental work, data analysis, and mapping.

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Ashraf, M., Zeshan, M., Hafeez, S. et al. Temporal variation in leachate composition of a newly constructed landfill site in Lahore in context to environmental pollution and risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 37129–37143 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18646-9

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