Abstract
The seed extract of Abelmoschus esculentus (AE), also known as Okra, was used as a source of reducing and capping agents to synthesized biogenic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) due to its rich flavonoid contents. The synthesized AE-TiO2 nanoparticles were further evaluated by the effect of loading of TiO2 NPs and irradiation time on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectra, UV–visible spectrophotometry, and particle size distribution (PSD). The findings confirmed the successful synthesis of the spherical anatase phase of TiO2 NPs, as well as the existence of phytochemicals in the extract, which were involved in the capping/stabilization of NPs. The synthesized TiO2 NPs were found to be 60–120 nm in size and almost uniformly distributed throughout the sample. The photocatalytic activity measured in a 300 mL cylindrical photochemical reactor and irradiated with 250 watts UV lamp was investigated based on methylene blue degradation. Effects of irradiation time and catalyst loading were elucidated and correlated with the characteristics of the catalysts. The findings revealed that the synthesized TiO2 NPs were well-dispersed, stable, and could achieve more than 80 % degradation in 240 min of irradiation with 90 mg/L of AE-TiO2 NPs loading compared to only 70 % by the commercial one. These results suggested that AE-TiO2 NPs possesses significant catalytic activity, and the photocatalytic process could be used to degrade, decolorize, and mineralize the methylene blue dye. The polyphenolic tannins present in the extract were the reason behind the desirable characteristics of the nanoparticles and better photocatalytic activity of AE-TiO2 NPs.
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The authors acknowledge the Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) from the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (LRGS/1/2018/USM/01/1/3).
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Mohammad Aslam planned and carried out the experimental work conceptualized by Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah who is also involved in securing the research funding. Mohd Rafatullah contributed to the analysis and interpretation of results and drafting of the manuscript. Ahmad Fawad contributed by providing some critical resources needed for the study while at the same time involved in data interpretation.
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Aslam, M., Abdullah, A.Z., Rafatullah, M. et al. Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) seed extract for stabilization of the biosynthesized TiO2 photocatalyst used for degradation of stable organic substance in water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 41053–41064 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18066-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18066-1