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Urban green space mediates spatiotemporal variation in land surface temperature: a case study of an urbanized city, Bangladesh

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Abstract

Rapid urbanization with an increasing rate of urban built-up area is decreasing urban green space resulting in changing urban microclimate conditions showing increasing land surface temperature. A better understanding of these effects is important to formulate effective strategies in addressing the impact of increasing built-up area. Land surface temperature patterns in an urbanized city in Bangladesh (Mymensingh district) were investigated using Landsat satellite sensor data from 1988 to 2016. A total of nineteen Landsat satellite images were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). The radiative transfer equation (RTE) model was applied to derive LST for the years 1988, 1992, 1999, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016. Further, the Landsat-derived LST results were compared with MODIS Terra satellite outputs (MOD11A1) for the validation of our study results. Our results showed NDVI higher in 2008 and lower in 2004, LST maximum in 1988 and minimum in 2008, and NDBI higher in 2004 and lower in 2012. Seasonally, summer was characterized by higher LST and winter by lower LST, while NDVI was higher in autumn and lower in winter, however, NDBI was higher in winter and lower in autumn. Spatially, a relatively higher LST and NDBI was observed in the southwest, followed by central, and northern regions, whereas the trend was opposite for NDVI. Using Pearson’s correlation, results showed a strong significant negative correlation between LST and NDVI and a positive significant correlation between LST and NDBI. Further, simple linear regression analysis revealed that LST decreased with increasing NDVI most quickly in 2012, followed by the years 2016, 2008, 1992, 1988, 1999, and 2004. On the other hand, LST increased with increasing NDBI most quickly in 1999, followed by the years 2016, 1988, 1992, 2012, 2004, and 2008. Thus, long-term observation suggested that urbanization had driven a decrease in green space while simultaneously increasing the land surface temperature within an urbanized area. This study has concluded that the protection of urban green spaces is needed as an effective step toward addressing adverse effects of regional climate change and desertification.

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Data availability

United States Geological Survey (USGS) website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov).

Abbreviations

DN:

Digital number

ETM+:

Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

LSE:

Land surface emissivity

NSIDC:

National Snow and Ice Data Center

OLI:

Operational Land Imager

RTE:

Radiative transfer equation

TIRS:

Thermal Infrared Sensor

TM:

Thematic Mapper

USGS:

United States Geological Survey

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, 4331, Chittagong, Bangladesh

    Mehedi Hasan & Leion Hassan

  2. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh

    Mamun Abdullah Al

  3. Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, People’s Republic of China

    Mamun Abdullah Al

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China

    Mamun Abdullah Al

  5. Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Muyassar H. Abualreesh

  6. Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Mohd Hanafi Idris & Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal

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  1. Mehedi Hasan
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  2. Leion Hassan
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  4. Muyassar H. Abualreesh
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  5. Mohd Hanafi Idris
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  6. Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal
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Contributions

MAA and MMH: conceived the idea and developed the methodology. MMH and MLH: collected data and wrote the first draft. MAA and MMH: validation and visualization. AHMK, MHA, and MHI: critically reviewed, corrected, and revised the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to submit it.

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Correspondence to Mamun Abdullah Al.

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Hasan, M., Hassan, L., Al, M.A. et al. Urban green space mediates spatiotemporal variation in land surface temperature: a case study of an urbanized city, Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 36376–36391 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17480-9

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