Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The role of liquefied petroleum gas in decarbonizing India: fresh evidence from wavelet–partial wavelet coherence approach

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

India is predominantly a fossil fuel-intensive South Asian country that has traditionally settled for higher economic gains at the expense of lower environmental quality. However, in the contemporary era, it has become essential for India to come up with viable solutions that can enable the nation to transform its economy into a low-carbon one. Although replacing fossil fuel use with renewable energy sources is assumed to be the ideal pathway to decarbonizing the Indian economy, achieving this clean energy transition involves a long-term process. Thus, the Indian government should rather consider adoption of interim solutions to the environmental pollution problems faced by the nation. Against this backdrop, this study looks at whether enhancing the consumption level of liquefied petroleum gas, a relatively cleaner fossil fuel, can help India reduce its carbon dioxide emissions figures and attain environmentally sustainable economic growth. The econometric analysis is designed as per the theoretical framework of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis whereby the effects of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions are examined controlling for liquefied petroleum gas consumption in the context of India between 1990 and 2018. Based on the findings from the autoregressive distributed lag model bounds test analysis, it is witnessed that there are long-run cointegrating relationships among per capita levels of carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product, and liquefied petroleum gas consumption of India. Besides, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is found to be valid only in the short run; however, it does not sustain in the long run since the economic growth-carbon dioxide emissions nexus is observed to follow a U-shaped relationship in the long run. Moreover, higher liquefied petroleum gas consumption is found to boost carbon dioxide emissions in the short run while reducing it in the long run. Furthermore, the findings from the wavelet and partial wavelet coherence and causality analyses also advocate in favor of promoting the use of liquefied petroleum gas in India in order to significantly curb the energy use-related carbon dioxide emission figures of the nation. Hence, considering these important findings, this study recommends that the Indian government should design policies for augmenting liquefied petroleum gas into the national energy mix and also adopt relevant green economic growth strategies in order to facilitate environmentally-sustainable growth of its economy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Source: The United States Energy Information Administration; World Development Indicators, World Bank; BP Statistical Review of World Energy

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The sources of the data used in this study are duly mentioned.

Notes

  1. For more detailed advantages related to LPG use in the transport sector, see https://www.begasmotor.com/what-is-lpg-autogas-what-advantages-does-it-have-frequent-questions/

References

  • Abbasi KR, Adedoyin FF (2021) Do energy use and economic policy uncertainty affect CO 2 emissions in China? Empirical evidence from the dynamic ARDL simulation approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(18):23323-23335.

  • Abbasi KR, Hussain K, Redulescu M, Ozturk I (2021) Does natural resources depletion and economic growth achieve the carbon neutrality target of the UK? A way forward towards sustainable development. Resources Policy 74:102341.

  • Adedoyin F, Ozturk I, Abubakar I, Kumeka T, Folarin O, Bekun FV (2020) Structural breaks in CO2 emissions: are they caused by climate change protests or other factors? Journal of environmental management 266:110628

  • Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Majeed A, Huang B (2021) An environmental impact assessment of economic complexity and energy consumption: does institutional quality make a difference? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 89:106603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Z, Ahmad M, Murshed M, Vaseer AI, Kirikkaleli D (2021a) The trade-off between energy consumption, economic growth, militarization, and CO2 emissions: does the treadmill of destruction exist in the modern world? Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17068-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, Z., Cary, M., Shahbaz, M., & Vo, X. V. (2021b). Asymmetric nexus between economic policy uncertainty, renewable energy technology budgets, and environmental sustainability: evidence from the United States. Journal of Cleaner Production, 127723.

  • Alola AA, Donve UT (2021) Environmental implication of coal and oil energy utilization in Turkey: is the EKC hypothesis related to energy? Management of Environmental Quality: an International Journal 32(3):543–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alola AA, Ozturk I (2021) Mirroring risk to investment within the EKC hypothesis in the United States. Journal of Environmental Management 293:112890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andadari RK, Mulder P, Rietveld P (2014) Energy poverty reduction by fuel switching. Impact evaluation of the LPG conversion program in Indonesia. Energy Policy 66:436–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.11.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apergis N, Ozturk I (2015) Testing Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecol Ind 52:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asumadu-Sarkodie S, Yadav P (2019) Achieving a cleaner environment via the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: determinants of electricity access and pollution in India. Clean Techn Environ Policy 21:1883–1889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01756-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandyopadhyay, A., & Rej, S. (2021). Can nuclear energy fuel an environmentally sustainable economic growth? Revisiting the EKC hypothesis for India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15220-7

  • Begum RA, Sohag K, Abdullah SMS, Jaafar M (2015) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 41:594–601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilen K, Ozyurt O, Bakırcı K, Karslı S, Erdogan S, Yılmaz M, Comaklı O (2008) Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: a case study in Turkey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12(6):1529–1561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitung J, Candelon B (2006) Testing for short- and long-run causality: a frequency-domain approach. Journal of Econometrics 132:363–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouyghrissi S, Murshed M, Jindal A, Berjaoui A, Mahmood H, Khanniba M (2021) The importance of facilitating renewable energy transition for abating CO2 emissions in Morocco. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17179-x

  • Brignall, M. (2011). LPG: it’s lean, green and cheaper too. The Guardian. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/sep/30/lpg-conversion-green-cheaper

  • Can M, Ahmed Z, Mercan M, Kalugina OA (2021) The role of trading environment-friendly goods in environmental sustainability: does green openness matter for OECD countries? Journal of Environmental Management 295:113038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Wang Z, Zhong Z (2019) CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy 131:208–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Child M, Bogdanov D, Breyer C (2018) The role of storage technologies for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system in Europe. Energy Procedia 155:44–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill SA, Inekwe J, Ivanovski K, Smyth R (2018) The environmental Kuznets curve in the OECD: 1870–2014. Energy Economics 75:389–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Sa A, Murthy KVN (2004a) LPG as a cooking fuel option for India. Energy Sustain Dev 8:91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60471-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deb S, Muthukumar P (2021) Development and performance assessment of LPG operated cluster porous radiant burner for commercial cooking and industrial applications. Energy 219:119581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Sa A, Murthy KN (2004b) LPG as a cooking fuel option for India. Energy Sustain Dev 8(3):91–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fadly D (2019) Low-carbon transition: Private sector investment in renewable energy projects in developing countries. World Dev 122:552–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geweke J (1982) Measurement of linear dependence and feedback between multiple time series. J Am Stat Assoc 77:304–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1982.10477803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould CF, Schlesinger SB, Molina E et al (2020) Household fuel mixes in peri-urban and rural Ecuador: explaining the context of LPG, patterns of continued firewood use, and the challenges of induction cooking. Energy Policy 136:111053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goupillaud P, Grossmann A, Morlet J (1984) Cycle-octave and related transforms in seismic signal analysis. Geoexploration 23:85–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(84)90025-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman GM, Krueger AB (1991) Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research

  • Guttikunda SK, Goel R, Pant P (2014) Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities. Atmos Environ 95:501–510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker RS, Hatemi-J A (2006) Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Appl Econ 38:1489–1500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500405763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hacker S, Hatemi-J A (2012) A bootstrap test for causality with endogenous lag length choice: theory and application in finance. Journal of Economic Studies 39:144–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581211222635

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatemi-J A (2008) Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration. Empirical Economics 35 (3):497-505.

  • IEA (2020) India 2020 - energy policy review

  • IEA. (2021). India Energy Outlook 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/india-energy-outlook-2021

  • Inglesi-Lotz R, Dogan E (2018) The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions a panel analysis of sub-Saharan Africa’s Βig 10 electricity generators. Renewable Energy 123:36–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata H, Okada K, Samreth S (2010) Empirical study on the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in France: the role of nuclear energy. Energy Policy 38:4057–4063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayanthakumaran K, Verma R, Liu Y (2012) CO2 emissions, energy consumption, trade and income: a comparative analysis of China and India. Energy Policy 42:450–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Q, Khattak SI, Rahman ZU (2021) Measuring the simultaneous effects of electricity consumption and production on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) in China: new evidence from an EKC-based assessment. Energy 229:120616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen S, Juselius K (1990) Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration — with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 52:169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson E (2009) Charcoal versus LPG grilling: a carbon-footprint comparison. Environ Impact Assess Rev 29(6):370–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanat, O., Yan, Z., Asghar, M. M., Ahmed, Z., Mahmood, H., Kirikkaleli, D., & Murshed, M. (2021). Do natural gas, oil, and coal consumption ameliorate environmental quality? Empirical evidence from Russia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15989-7

  • Kanjilal K, Ghosh S (2013) Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks. Energy Policy 56:509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.01.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karamangil MI (2007) Development of the auto gas and LPG-powered vehicle sector in Turkey: a statistical case study of the sector for Bursa. Energy Policy 35(1):640–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST, Feridun M, Kilinc C (2014) Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: the case of Cyprus. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 29:634–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koondhar MA, Shahbaz M, Memon KA, Ozturk I, Kong R (2021) A visualization review analysis of the last two decades for environmental Kuznets curve “EKC” based on co-citation analysis theory and pathfinder network scaling algorithms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(13):16690–16706

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, M. (2021). Decarbonizing India’s road transport sector: Shouldn’t we aim higher? The International Council on Clean Transportation. Available at https://theicct.org/blog/staff/ndc-tia-blog5-june2021

  • Kuznets S (1955) Economic Growth and Income Inequality. Am Econ Rev 45:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Kypridemos C, Puzzolo E, Aamaas B, Hyseni L, Shupler M, Aunan K, Pope D (2020) Health and climate impacts of scaling adoption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for clean household cooking in Cameroon: a modeling study. Environmental health perspectives 128(4):047001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Wang Q, Liu Y, Jiang R (2021) Per-capita carbon emissions in 147 countries: the effect of economic, energy, social, and trade structural changes. Sustainable Production and Consumption 27:1149–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.02.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Yu B (2019) Peaking CO2 emissions for China’s urban passenger transport sector. Energy Policy 133:110913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin FL, Inglesi-Lotz R, Chang T (2018) Revisit coal consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth nexus in China and India using a newly developed bootstrap ARDL bound test. Energy Explor Exploit 36(3):450–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Zhao Y, Ahmad M, Ahmed Z, Rjoub H, Adebayo TS (2021) Linking innovative human capital, economic growth, and CO2 emissions: an empirical study based on Chinese provincial panel data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(16):8503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDade S (2004) Fueling development: the role of LPG in poverty reduction and growth. Energy Sustain Dev 8:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60469-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehmood U, Tariq S (2020) Globalization and CO 2 emissions nexus: evidence from the EKC hypothesis in South Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(29):37044–37056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Petroleum and Gas. (2014). Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Vision & Policy 2025. Available at http://petroleum.nic.in/sites/default/files/autopol.pdf (Accessed on 30.7.2021).

  • Muhammad B (2019) Energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in developed, emerging and Middle East and North Africa countries. Energy 179:232–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M, Dao NTT (2020) Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed, M. (2021a). Can regional trade integration facilitate renewable energy transition to ensure energy sustainability in South Asia? Energy Reports, 7(C), 808–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.01.038

  • Murshed, M. (2021b). Modeling primary energy and electricity demands in Bangladesh: an autoregressive distributed lag approach. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27(C), 698–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.035

  • Murshed M (2021c) LPG consumption and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in South Asia: a time-series ARDL analysis with multiple structural breaks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(7):8337–8372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10701-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M, Tanha MM (2021) Oil price shocks and renewable energy transition: empirical evidence from net oil-importing South Asian economies. Energy, Ecology and Environment 6(3):183–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00168-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M, Alam R, Ansarin A (2021a) The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for bangladesh: the importance of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and hydropower consumption. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(14):17208–17227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11976-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murshed M, Ali SR, Banerjee S (2021b) Consumption of liquefied petroleum gas and the EKC hypothesis in South Asia: evidence from cross-sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel data with structural breaks. Energy, Ecology and Environment 6(4):353–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nasir ZA, Murtaza F, Colbeck I (2015) Role of poverty in fuel choice and exposure to indoor air pollution in Pakistan. J Integr Environ Sci 12(2):107–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nathaniel SP, Alam MdS, Murshed M et al (2021) The roles of nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth in the abatement of carbon dioxide emissions in the G7 countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13728-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NITI Aayog (2017) Draft National Energy Policy. https://www.niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NEP-ID_27.06.2017.pdf

  • Nouni MR, Jha P, Sarkhel R, Banerjee C, Tripathi AK, Manna J (2021) Alternative fuels for decarbonisation of road transport sector in India: Options, present status, opportunities, and challenges. Fuel 305:121583

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozatac N, Gokmenoglu KK, Taspinar N (2017) Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: the case of Turkey. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:16690–16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özokcu S, Özdemir Ö (2017) Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk I, Al-Mulali U, Saboori B (2016) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(2):1916–1928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Lee Y (2011) Regional model of EKC for air pollution: evidence from the Republic of Korea. Energy Policy 39:5840–5849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Economet 16:289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips PC, Hansen BE (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. Rev Econ Stud 57(1):99–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polk HS (2019) State of global air 2019: a special report on global exposure to air pollution and its disease burden. Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, USA

  • Qin, L., Raheem, S., Murshed, M., Miao, X., Khan, Z., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). Does financial inclusion limit carbon dioxide emissions? Analyzing the role of globalization and renewable electricity output. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2208

  • Rana R, Sharma M (2019) Dynamic causality testing for EKC hypothesis, pollution haven hypothesis and international trade in India. J Int Trade Econ Dev 28(3):348–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raslavičius L, Keršys A, Mockus S et al (2014) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a medium-term option in the transition to sustainable fuels and transport. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 32:513–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.052

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rej S, Nag B (2018) Does socio-economic development impact energy consumption? A causality test for India. The Journal of Energy and Development 44:143–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Riahi K, Dentener F, Gielen D, et al (2012) Chapter 17: Energy pathways for sustainable development. In: Team GW (ed) Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press and IIASA, pp.1203–1306 (October 2012)

  • Saboori B, Rasoulinezhad E, Sung J (2017) The nexus of oil consumption, CO 2 emissions and economic growth in China, Japan and South Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(8):7436–7455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sari R, Ewing BT, Soytas U (2008) The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach. Energy Economics 30:2302–2313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkodie SA (2018) The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: what are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkodie SA, Strezov V (2018) Assessment of contribution of Australia’s energy production to CO2 emissions and environmental degradation using statistical dynamic approach. Sci Total Environ 639:888–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Sinha A (2019) Foreign direct Investment–CO2 emissions nexus in Middle East and North African countries: importance of biomass energy consumption. J Clean Prod 217:603–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Mutascu M, Azim P (2013) Environmental Kuznets curve in Romania and the role of energy consumption. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 18:165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahbaz M, Farhani S, Ozturk I (2015) Do coal consumption and industrial development increase environmental degradation in China and India? Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(5):3895–3907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif A, Baris-Tuzemen O, Uzuner G, Ozturk I, Sinha A (2020) Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: evidence from quantile ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society 57:102138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla P.R., Pathak M. (2016) Low-Carbon Transport in India. In: Nishioka S. (eds) Enabling Asia to stabilise the climate. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-826-7_8

  • Sinha A, Shahbaz M, Balsalobre D (2017) Exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in N-11 countries. J Clean Prod 168:1217–1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha A, Shahbaz M (2018) Estimation of environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emission: role of renewable energy generation in India. Renewable Energy 119:703–711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KR, Mehta S (2003) The burden of disease from indoor air pollution in developing countries: comparison of estimates. Int J Hyg Environ Health 206(4–5):279–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suyabodha A (2017) Comparison the rate of energy consumption between gasoline95 and LPG in spark ignition engine under real driving conditions. Energy Procedia 118:164–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Economic Times. (2019). India becomes world’s 2nd largest LPG consumer after government’s Ujjawla push. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/india-becomes-worlds-2nd-largest-lpg-consumer-after-governments-ujjawla-push/articleshow/67849012.cms?from=mdr

  • Toda HY, Yamamoto T (1995) Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics 66:225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrence C, Compo GP (1998) A practical guide to wavelet analysis. Bull Am Meteor Soc 79:61–78. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079%3c0061:APGTWA%3e2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah K, Hamid S, Mirza FM, Shakoor U (2018) Prioritizing the gaseous alternatives for the road transport sector of Pakistan: a multi criteria decision making analysis. Energy 165:1072–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah S, Nadeem M, Ali K, Abbas Q (2021) Fossil fuel, industrial growth and inward FDI impact on CO2 emissions in Vietnam: testing the EKC hypothesis. Manag Environ Qual. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2021-0051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usman A, Ozturk I, Ullah S, Hassan A (2021) Does ICT have symmetric or asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions? Evidence from selected Asian economies. Technology in Society 67:101692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaidyanathan, R. (2021). Climate change: why India can’t live without coal. British Broadcasting Corporation News. Available at https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58706229

  • Wang Q, Wang S (2022) Carbon emission and economic output of China’s marine fishery – a decoupling efforts analysis. Marine Policy 135:104831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Zhang F (2020) Does increasing investment in research and development promote economic growth decoupling from carbon emission growth? An empirical analysis of BRICS countries. J Clean Prod 252:119853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Zhang F (2021) The effects of trade openness on decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth–evidence from 182 countries. J Clean Prod 279:123838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Su M, Li R, Ponce P (2019) The effects of energy prices, urbanization and economic growth on energy consumption per capita in 186 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production 225:1017-1032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.008

  • Wang Q, Wang X, Li R (2022) Does urbanization redefine the environmental Kuznets curve? An empirical analysis of 134 Countries. Sustain Cities Soc 76:103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winijkul E, Bond TC (2016) Emissions from residential combustion considering end-uses and spatial constraints: Part II, emission reduction scenarios. Atmos Environ 124:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2021). World Development Indicators. World Bank. Available at https://databank.worldbank.org/country/ (Accessed on 30.7.2021)

  • Zeraibi A, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Murshed M (2021) Nexus between renewable electricity generation capacity, technological innovations, financial development, economic growth and ecological footprints in selected ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(37):51003–51021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14301-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vinod Gupta School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

    Soumen Rej & Arunava Bandyopadhyay

  2. Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 173, 11942, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia

    Haider Mahmood

  3. School of Business and Economics, North South University, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh

    Muntasir Murshed

  4. Department of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Sadar-3114, Bangladesh

    Sakib Mahmud

Authors
  1. Soumen Rej
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arunava Bandyopadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haider Mahmood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muntasir Murshed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sakib Mahmud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

SR conceptualized, conducted the econometric analysis, wrote the original draft, and analyzed the findings. AB conceptualized, wrote the original draft, conducted the econometric analysis, supervised the work, and analyzed the findings. MM wrote the introduction, conducted the literature review, analyzed the findings, wrote the original draft, reviewed the draft, and compiled the overall manuscript. HM analyzed the findings and conducted the literature review. SM wrote the literature review and the conclusions and recommendations section.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muntasir Murshed.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Roula Inglesi-Lotz

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rej, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., Mahmood, H. et al. The role of liquefied petroleum gas in decarbonizing India: fresh evidence from wavelet–partial wavelet coherence approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 35862–35883 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17471-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17471-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation