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Empirical analysis of the relationship among urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint: evidence from Eastern Europe

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Abstract

In recent environmental sustainability literature, ecological footprint is largely seen as the most appropriate indicator of environmental destruction. However, due to lack of clarity in its relationship with economic growth, ecosystem services, biodiversity and human well-being, serious academic and political attention on environmental sustainability has not really reflected on ecological footprint. Using CADF unit root test, Westerlund cointegration test, common correlated effects and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches, we conduct empirical analysis of the relationship among urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint: evidence from Eastern Europe between 1998Q4 and 2017Q4. We address the following protracted questions in the literature: (1) Can we find a relationship between ecological footprint, urbanization and growth? (2) What explains the relationship, if any? The outcomes of the Westerlund cointegration test reveal cointegration among the variables, (ii) the outcome of the Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicates that there is a long-run unidirectional causality running from growth to the ecological footprint and (iii) urbanization does not homogeneously cause ecological footprint. The study has implications for regional policy actions that could support the reduction of ecological deficits through growth and urbanization policies towards improving regional environmental quality.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, TR-10 Mersin, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, Turkey

    Kwaku Addai

  2. Department of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, TR-10 Mersin, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, Turkey

    Berna Serener & Dervis Kirikkaleli

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  1. Kwaku Addai
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  2. Berna Serener
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  3. Dervis Kirikkaleli
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1. KA drafted the article.

2. BS reviewed the introduction and the literature reviews of the article.

3. DK reviewed the methodology of the article.

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Addai, K., Serener, B. & Kirikkaleli, D. Empirical analysis of the relationship among urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprint: evidence from Eastern Europe. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 27749–27760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17311-x

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