Abstract
This study presents an integrative sustainable e-waste model, drawing on organismic integration theory and gender schema theory. E-waste behavior has attracted considerable attention in the cleaner production literature in recent years. However, there is growing debate, and little research has been conducted in developing countries, especially Pakistan, to investigate the motivational factors influencing sustainable e-waste behavior. This study empirically examines the different effects of motivational (intrinsic, identified, introjected, and external) regulations on sustainable e-waste disposal behavior and identifies whether customer gender moderates these effects. To address this gap, we recruited 209 households, and structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group modeling (MGM) techniques were used to test the proposed hypotheses using AMOS. When assessing customers’ habits and external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic motivations in terms of gender differences, the SEM results revealed that female has more motivational sentiments and compliance to social norms for disposing e-waste behavior. The MGM results revealed that the effect of intrinsic motivation on sustainable e-waste disposal behavior is important for male customers, while the impact of external motivation is important for female customers. Identified motivation appears to be a significant predictor both for male and female customers. Finally, we briefly discuss the study’s implications for theory and practice and highlight priorities for future research.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data available on request from the authors.
References
Aboelmaged M (2021) E-waste recycling behaviour: an integration of recycling habits into the theory of planned behaviour. J Cleaner Prod 278:e124182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124182
Affordofe M, Quansah R (2021) Heavy metal exposure and symptoms of respiratory infection among children under-five (5) residing near an open dumpsite: a cross-sectional study at Abokobi. Dissertation, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Ali S, Danish M, Khuwaja, FM, Sajjad MS, Zahid H (2019) The intention to adopt Green IT products in Pakistan: driven by the modified theory of consumption values. Environments, 6(5):53. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/6/5/53. Accessed 15 Oct 2021
Alkadash T, Almaamari Q, Al-Absy MS, Raju V (2020) Theory of transformational leadership towards employee performance as sequence of supply chain model: the mediating effect of job autonomy in Palestine banks during Covid-19 pandemic. Int J Supply Chain Manag 9:256–263
Aydin AE, Yildirim P (2021) Understanding food waste behavior: the role of morals, habits and knowledge. J Cleaner Prod 280:e24250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124250
Bell AJ, Deubzer OJMB (2018) Lead-free piezoelectrics—the environmental and regulatory issues. MRS Bull 43:581–587
Behrens A (2013). Electronic waste management in Canada.
Bem SL (1981) Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing. Psychol Rev 88:354–364
Bem SL (1983) Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society. Signs J Women Cult Soc 8(598):616
Blais MR, Sabourin S, Boucher C, Vallerand RJ (1990) Toward a motivational model of couple happiness. J Personal Soc Psychol 59:1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.1021
Blake VM (2018) The e-waste management behaviours of household consumers in Whangarei, New Zealand. Dissertation, Massey University
Borthakur A, Govind M (2018) Public understandings of E-waste and its disposal in urban India: from a review towards a conceptual framework. J Cleaner Prod 172:1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.218
Cao J, Chen X, Zhang X, Gao Y, Zhang X, Kumar S (2020) Overview of remanufacturing industry in China: government policies, enterprise, and public awareness. J Cleaner Prod 242:e118450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118450
Carraher SM (2003) The father of cross-cultural research: an interview with Geert Hofstede. J Appl Manag Entrep 8:97–106
Chen W, Chan TW, Wong LH et al (2020) IDC theory: habit and the habit loop. Res Pract Technol Enhanc Lear 15:1–19
Deci EL, Ryan RM (1985) Toward an organismic integration theory. In: Deci EL, Ryan RM (eds) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer, Boston, pp 113–148
Deci EL, Ryan RM (2012) Self-determination theory. In: Van Lange PAM, Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET (eds) Handbook of theories of social psychology. Sage, London, pp 416–436
Dhir A, Malodia S, Awan U, Sakashita M, Kaur P (2021) Extended valence theory perspective on consumers’ e-waste recycling intentions in Japan. J Cleaner Prod 312:e127443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127443
Delcea C, Crăciun L, Ioanăș C, Ferruzzi G, Cotfas L-A (2020) Determinants of Individuals’ E-Waste Recycling Decision: A Case Study from Romania. Sustainability 12(7):2753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072753
Dias P, Bernardes AM, Huda N (2019) Ensuring best E-waste recycling practices in developed countries: An Australian example. J Cleaner Prod 209:846–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.306
Esteves J, Valogianni K, Greenhill A (2021) Online social games: the effect of social comparison elements on continuance behaviour. Inf Manag 58:e103452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103452
Favot M, Grassetti L (2017) E-waste collection in Italy: results from an exploratory analysis. Waste Manage 67:222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.026
Freedman SA (1992). Social Activation of the Gender Schema in Female College Students.
Fortier MS, Vallerand RJ, Guay F (1995) Academic motivation and school performance: Toward a structural model. Contemp Educ Psychol 20:257–274. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1995.1017
Gagné M, Deci EL, Ryan RM (2018) Self-determination theory applied to work motivation and organizational behavior. In Ones DS, Anderson N, Viswesvaran C, Sinangil HK (eds), The SAGE handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology: Organizational psychology. Sage Reference, London, pp. 97–121
Gallego-Álvarez I, Pucheta-Martínez MC (2020) Environmental strategy in the global banking industry within the varieties of capitalism approach: the moderating role of gender diversity and board members with specific skills. Bus Strateg Environ 29:347–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2368
Gilal FG, Zhang J, Gilal NG, Gilal RG (2019) Linking self-determined needs and word of mouth to consumer e-waste disposal behaviour: a test of basic psychological needs theory. J Consum Behav 18:12–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1744
Gilal FG, Zhang J, Gilal RG, Gilal NG (2020) Linking motivational regulation to brand passion in a moderated model of customer gender and age: an organismic integration theory perspective. Rev Manag Sci 14:87–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-018-0287-y
Goudas M, Biddle S (1994) Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes. Eur J Psychol Educ 9:e241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172783
Hsu E, Barmak K, West AC, Park AHA (2019) Advancements in the treatment and processing of electronic waste with sustainability: a review of metal extraction and recovery technologies. Green Chem 21(5):919–936
Horkheimer M, Adorno TW (2020) Dialectic of enlightenment. In: GunzelinSchmid N (ed) The culture industry: enlightenment as mass deception. Stanford University Press, pp 94–136
Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H, Abbas Z (2020) Electrical and electronic waste in Pakistan: the management practices and perspectives. In: Prasad MNV, Vithanage M, Borthakur A (eds) Handbook of electronic waste management. Butterworth-Heinemann, New York, pp 263–281
Islam MT, Dias P, Huda N (2021a) Young consumers’ e-waste awareness, consumption, disposal, and recycling behavior: a case study of university students in Sydney. Aust J Cleaner Prod 282:124490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124490
Islam MT, Huda N, Baumber A et al (2021b) A global review of consumer behavior towards e-waste and implications for the circular economy. J Cleaner Prod 316:e128297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128297
Jensen UT, Bro LL (2017) How transformational leadership supports intrinsic motivation and public service motivation: the mediating role of basic need satisfaction. Am Rev Public Adm 48:535–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074017699470
Juan Li J, Su C (2007) How face influences consumption - a comparative study of American and Chinese consumers. Int J Mar Res 49:237–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530704900207
Kitila AW, Woldemikael SM (2019) Waste electrical and electronic equipment management in the educational institutions and governmental sector offices of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Waste Manag 85:30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.007
Ko E, Costello JP, Taylor CR (2019) What is a luxury brand? A new definition and review of the literature. J Bus Res 99:405–413
Lee K (2009) Gender differences in Hong Kong adolescent consumers’ green purchasing behavior. J Consum Mark 26:87–96
Liang L, Sharp A (2016) Determination of the knowledge of e-waste disposal impacts on the environment among different gender and age groups in China, Laos, and Thailand. Waste Manag Res 34(4):388–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X16628978
Liao Y-KC (2018) Gender differences on computer anxiety: a meta-analysis of studies from 1980s to 2010s. Paper presented at the E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education
Liu R, Chiang Y-L (2019) Who is more motivated to learn? The roles of family background and teacher-student interaction in motivating student learning. J Chin Sociol 6:e6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-019-0095-z
Marinković V, Đorđević A, Kalinić ZJTA, Management S (2020) The moderating effects of gender on customer satisfaction and continuance intention in mobile commerce: a UTAUT-based perspective. Technol Anal Strateg 32:306–318
Mostafa MM (2007) Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. Int J Consum Stud 31:220–229
Mussadaq M (2011) Pakistan could become world’s fourth most populous country Retrieved from https://tribune.com.pk/story/283034/pakistan-could-become-worlds-fourth-most-populous-countr. Accessed 25 Feb 2021
Nguyen T, Watanabe T (2020) Autonomous motivation for the successful implementation of waste management policy: an examination using an adapted institutional analysis and development framework in Thua Thien Hue. Vietnam Sustain 12:e2724
Nigam S, Jha R, Singh RP (2021) A different approach to the electronic waste handling – a review. Mater Today: Proc 46:1519–1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.081
Ongondo FO, Williams ID (2011) Greening academia: use and disposal of mobile phones among university students. Waste Manag 31(7):1617–1634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.031
Otto S, Kibbe A, Henn L, Hentschke L, Kaiser FG (2018) The economy of E-waste collection at the individual level: a practice oriented approach of categorizing determinants of E-waste collection into behavioral costs and motivation. J Cleaner Prod 204:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.293
Parajuly K, Fitzpatrick C, Muldoon O, Kuehr R (2020) Behavioral change for the circular economy: a review with focus on electronic waste management in the EU. Resour Conserv Recycl 10:e100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100035
Park WY, Phadke A, Shah N, Letschert V (2013) Efficiency improvement opportunities in TVs: implications for market transformation programs. Energ Policy 59:361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.048
Qalati SA, Vela EG, Li W, Dakhan SA, Hong Thuy TT, Merani SH (2021) Effects of perceived service quality, website quality, and reputation on purchase intention: the mediating and moderating roles of trust and perceived risk in online shopping. Cogent Bus Manag 8:e1869363. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1869363
Qu Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhu Q (2019) Understanding residents’ preferences for e-waste collection in China - a case study of waste mobile phones. J Cleaner Prod 228:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.216
Rahman A, Teoh AP, Mahmud I (2020) Factors influencing electronic waste (e-waste) separation intention of electronic shop owners in Bangladesh: a conceptual model. I J Ind Manag 5:29–37. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijim.5.0.2020.5620
Ranasinghe WW, Athapattu BCL (2020) Challenges in E-waste management in Sri Lanka. In: Borthakur A (ed) Prasad MNV, Vithanage M. Handbook of electronic waste management. Butterworth-Heinemann, London, pp 283–322
Razmus W, Laguna MJ (2019) Brand engagement in self-concept: scale properties and the global nature of the construct. Curr Psychol 38:1–7
Ryan RM, Deci EL (2020) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemp Educ Psychol 61:e101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
Saud M (2020) Youth participation in political activities: the art of participation in Bhakkar, Punjab Pakistan. J Hum Behav Soc Environ 30(6):760–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1745112
Shaikh S, Thomas K, Zuhair S, Magalini F (2020) A cost-benefit analysis of the downstream impacts of e-waste recycling in Pakistan. Waste Manage 118:302–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.039
Sintov ND, Schuitema G (2018) Odd couple or perfect pair? Tensions and recommendations for social scientist-industry partnerships in energy research. Energ Policy 117:247–251
Sivaramanan S (2013) E-waste management, disposal and its impacts on the environment. Univ J Environ Res Technol 3(5)
Stancu CM, Grønhøj A, Lähteenmäki L (2020) Meanings and motives for consumers’ sustainable actions in the food and clothing domains. Sustain 12:e10400
Standage M, Duda JL, Ntoumanis N (2005) A test of self-determination theory in school physical education. Brit J Educ Psychol 75:411–433. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709904X22359
Standage M, Ryan RM (2020) Self-determination theory in sport and exercise. In: Tenenbaum G, Eklund RC (eds) Handbook of sport psychology. Wiley, New York, pp 37–56
Starr CR, Zurbriggen EL (2017) Sandra Bem’s gender schema theory after 34 years: a review of its reach and impact. Sex Roles 76:566–578
Taherdoost H (2019) Importance of technology acceptance assessment for successful implementation and development of new technologies. Glob J Eng Sci 1. https://doi.org/10.33552/GJES.2019.01.000511
Thi Thu Nguyen H, Hung R-J, Lee C-H, Thi Thu Nguyen H (2019) Determinants of residents’ e-waste recycling behavioral intention: a case study from Vietnam. Sustainability 11(1):164. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/1/164
Trivedi M, Mathur M, Johri P, Singh A, Tiwari RK (2020) Waste management: a paradigm shift. In: Shukla V, Kumar N (eds) Environmental concerns and sustainable development, vol 2. Biodiversity, soil and waste management. Springer, Singapore, pp 337–363
Wang B, Ren C, Dong X, Zhang B, Wang Z (2019) Determinants shaping willingness towards on-line recycling behaviour: an empirical study of household e-waste recycling in China. Resour Conserv Recycl 143:218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.005
Wang G, Cao M, Sauciuvenaite J et al (2018) Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females. Evol Hum Behav 39:220–225
Wang Z, Zhang B, Yin J, Zhang X (2011) Willingness and behavior towards e-waste recycling for residents in Beijing city, China. J Cleaner Prod 19:977–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.016
Wang Z, Guo D, Wang X (2016) Determinants of residents’-waste recycling behaviour intentions: evidence from China. J Clean Prod 137:850–860
Weaver B, Maxwell H (2014) Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis with missing data: a simple method for SPSS users. Quant Methods Psychol 10:143–152
White C (2015) The impact of motivation on customer satisfaction formation: a self-determination perspective. Eur J Mark 49(11/12):1923–1940. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2014-0501
Zhilyaev D, Cimpan C, Cao Z, Liu G, Askegaard S, Wenzel H (2021) The living, the dead, and the obsolete: a characterization of lifetime and stock of ICT products in Denmark. Resour Conserv Recycl 164:e105117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105117
Funding
This research was supported by the National Statistics Research Project of China (2016LY96).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This research study was possible with the valuable contributions from the following: conceptualization, A.K.G. and S.A.Q.; methodology, A.K.G and M.F.; software, M.F., R.G.G. and F.G.G; validation, S.A.Q., F.G.G, and A.K.G.; formal analysis, M.F., A.K.G, and S.A.Q.; investigation, A.K.G. and R.G.G.; resources, F.G.G.; data curation, A.K.; writing (original draft preparation), M.F.; writing (review and editing), S.A.Q.; visualization, R.G.G. and A.K.G.; supervision, M.F.; project administration, F.G.G.; funding acquisition, M.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Sukkur IBA University.
Consent to participate
The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
Consent to publish
The authors affirm that human participants provided informed consent for the publication of material.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Baojing Gu
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fan, M., Khalique, A., Qalati, S.A. et al. Antecedents of sustainable e-waste disposal behavior: the moderating role of gender. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 20878–20891 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17275-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17275-y