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Large spatio-temporal variations of size-resolved particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in urban area with heavy traffic

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Abstract

A monitoring campaign, the first of this kind for a heavy traffic urban area of Vietnam, was conducted which generated nearly 200 daily filter samples of PM2.5, PM10, and black carbon (BC), 1300 online hourly PMx (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1), 900 hourly/bi-hourly BTEX data, 700 h of traffic counts, and online meteorology records. PMx and BTEX levels show large horizontal gradients across this small urban area of 300 m width suggesting that the pollution data should be generated with sufficient spatial resolutions for assessment of the exposure and health effects. This paper focuses on analyzing PMx with reference to the previously published BTEX to provide a more complete picture of the traffic-related pollution in the area. Spatio-temporal variations of pollutants are analyzed in relation to traffic flows and fleet compositions, weekday-weekend effects, local and regional meteorology. PM10 and BTEX levels had larger variations between the sites indicating their stronger associations with the traffic activities than the finer particles. Twenty-four-hour (24 h) PM2.5 levels ranged between 19 and 191 µg/m3 with high PM1/PM2.5 ratios of above 0.8 at ambient site (AA) and above 0.7 at roadsides. Multivariate relationship analysis (PCA) for the bi-hourly datasets of meteorology, traffic flows, and pollutant levels indicated overwhelming influence of on-road traffic fleet compositions on the roadside pollutants levels. At AA, PCA results showed a complex interaction between local emissions, meteorological conditions, and regional/long-range transport. Higher pollution levels were associated with the airmass types having the continental origin and pathways.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge all people and organizations who assisted during the field monitoring in Hanoi. We are grateful to the Board Directors of Aerospace Medical Institute of Vietnam for allowing us to set up the monitoring equipment in the premises. Great appreciation goes to the staff and students from the Research Centre for Environmental Monitoring and Modeling of the Hanoi University of Science for their supports and cooperation during the sampling periods. Finally, we are thankful for the PhD scholarship provided by the Norwegian Government to the first author of this paper to pursue his study program at the Asian Institute of Technology.

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  1. Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand

    Nguyen Hong Phuc & Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh

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  1. Nguyen Hong Phuc
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Contributions

Nguyen Hong Phuc: data collection, data analysis and visualization, writing: draft preparation, revision. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh: conceptualization, study design, data review and analysis, writing: draft, revision and finalization of the paper content.

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Correspondence to Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh.

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Phuc, N.H., Oanh, N.T.K. Large spatio-temporal variations of size-resolved particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in urban area with heavy traffic. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 21491–21507 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16921-9

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