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Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats

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Abstract

Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.

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Funding

This work was supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Program (Project number: TURSP-2020/153), Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt

    Rami B. Kassab, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim & Heba A. Elmasry

  2. Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia

    Rami B. Kassab & Ali O. Al-Ghamdy

  3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

    Abdulrahman Theyab & Mohammad Algahtani

  4. Medical Genetics Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia

    Ahmad H. Mufti

  5. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Khalaf F. Alsharif

  6. Zoology Department, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt

    Ehab M. Abdella

  7. Biology Department, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia

    Ehab M. Abdella

  8. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Ola A. Habotta

  9. Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt

    Mohamed M. Omran

  10. Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

    Maha S. Lokman

  11. Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 52719, Saudi Arabia

    Amira A. Bauomy

  12. Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Ashraf Albrakati

  13. Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Roua S. Baty

  14. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid E. Hassan

  15. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Maha A. Alshiekheid

Authors
  1. Rami B. Kassab
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  2. Abdulrahman Theyab
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  3. Ali O. Al-Ghamdy
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  16. Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim
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Contributions

Maha S. Lokman, Rami B. Kassab, Ali O. Al-Ghamdy, and Abdulrahman Theyab: animal treatments, biochemical, and methodology; Ahmad H. Mufti, Mohammad Algahtani, Ehab M. Abdella, and Ola A. Habotta: visualization, investigation, and histological examinations; Khalaf F. Alsharif, Maha A. Alshiekheid, and Ashraf Albrakati: writing-reviewing and editing; Mohamed M. Omran, Amira A. Bauomy, Roua S. Baty, Khalid E. Hassan, Ahmed E. Abdel Moneim, and Heba A. Elmasry: conceptualization, validation, and supervision. All authors participated in the design, interpretation of the studies, and analysis of the data and review of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ashraf Albrakati.

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All procedures were performed following the policies and guidelines of the Committee of Research Ethics for Laboratory Animal Care, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Helwan University (Cairo, Egypt; Permit Number: HU2020/Z/RKA1020-03).

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Kassab, R.B., Theyab, A., Al-Ghamdy, A.O. et al. Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 12208–12221 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16578-4

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