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Physicochemical and isotopic properties of ambient aerosols and precipitation particles during winter in Seoul, South Korea

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of particulate matter (PM) in Seoul, Korea. We collected long-term (2017–2019) precipitation samples and PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring data to determine the impact of soluble and insoluble chemical species on the soil surface. Ambient PM10 concentrations were higher than PM2.5 concentrations during the monitoring period, but both decreased during rainfall due to the washing effect of precipitation. PM2.5 particles had a “fluffy” shape and contained sulfur (0.2%), but suspended particles (SPs) contained many carbon particles (approximately 60%). Spherical particles containing metal oxides, Fe and Al, might be originated from coal combustion, wild fires, and metal-refining processes under high-temperature conditions. Dissolved ions in precipitation included those eluted from salts and coal combustion based on the correlation coefficients of Na and Cl (R = 0.953) and F and NO3 (R = 0.706). The δ15N–NO3 and δ34S–SO4 of precipitation were enriched as the atmospheric temperature decreased from 9.8 to −1.6°C, implying the influence of domestic coal combustion. Backward trajectories showed that, in winter, air parcels passed through industrialized cities from China to South Korea. The microbial communities associated with PM were strongly influenced by atmospheric conditions. Proteobacteria (range from 4.6 to 76.7%) and Firmicutes (range from 6.0 to 91.4%) were the most dominant phyla and were significantly affected by changes in the PM2.5 environment. The results indicate that the acidity of precipitation and the composition of aerosols were affected by fossil fuel combustion and mineral dust, and that atmospheric conditions may change as PM2.5 concentrations increase.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Professor Jinho Ahn of Seoul National University for giving various scientific advices and collecting PM2.5 samples. This research was mainly supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea granted by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1A6A3A01008897 and NRF-2018R1D1A1B07044596). This research was supported by the Basic Research Project (21-3411) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) granted by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

Funding

This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea granted by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1A6A3A01008897 and NRF-2018R1D1A1B07044596). It was also supported by the Basic Research Project (21-3411) of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) granted by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Groundwater Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Korea

    Hanna Choi, Dong-Hun Kim & Yongcheol Kim

  2. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwank-ro, Seoul, 08826, Korea

    Heejo Lee & Kang-Kun Lee

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  1. Hanna Choi
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Contributions

Hanna Choi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft. Heejo Lee: Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources. Dong-Hun Kim: Methodology, Data curation, Formal analysis, Resources. Kang-Kun Lee: Supervision, Writing -review & editing. Yong Cheol Kim: Funding acquisition, Writing - review & editing.

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Variation of the daily PM10 (black solid line) and PM2.5 (red solid line) concentrations for 2017 to 2020 and outlier values for each year (blue dots)

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Choi, H., Lee, H., Kim, DH. et al. Physicochemical and isotopic properties of ambient aerosols and precipitation particles during winter in Seoul, South Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 11990–12008 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16328-6

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