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Temporal variations, regional contribution, and cluster analyses of ozone and NOx in a middle eastern megacity during summertime over 2017–2019

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Abstract

Particulate matter is usually regarded as the dominant pollutant in Tehran megacity in Iran. However, the number of ozone exceedance days significantly increased in recent years. This study analyzes simultaneous measurements of O3 and NOx (NO+NO2) concentrations to improve our understanding of ozone evolution during the summers of 2017 to 2019. The k-means clustering technique was used to select five representative air quality monitoring sites in Tehran to capture O3 and NOx concentrations’ variability. The findings show that all of the investigated sites failed to meet the ozone non-attainment criterion. The ozone weekend effect is seen in the study of weekday/weekend differences in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019, which can be due to the shift in the ozone production regime. The summer mean variation analysis can also be used to deduce this regime change. In 2017, the O3 and NO2 summer mean variations suggest a holdback in the NO2 upward trend and a reversal in the O3 downward trend that had been in place since 2012. Air mass back trajectory clustering reveals that east and north-east air mass clusters have the most significant impact on Tehran’s O3 pollution and the highest regional contribution to OX. The study of OX against NOx shows that the regional contribution to OX increased from 2017 to 2018 and then decreased in 2019; however, the local contribution is the opposite. The diurnal analysis of the regional and local contributions to OX indicated that OX in Tehran might be primarily affected by pollutants from a short distance. The findings reveal critical changes in the behavior of O3 in recent years, indicating that decision-makers in Tehran should reconsider air pollution control measures.

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Data availability

Air pollution observational data that support the findings of this study are available online from the Air Quality Control Company of Tehran Municipality website (http://airnow.tehran.ir/). The NCEP’s (National Center for Environmental Prediction) GDAS (Global Data Assimilation System) meteorological data that used to calculate air mass back trajectories in this study are available online (https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/data/archives/gdas1).

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) and the Air Quality Control Company of Tehran Municipality (AQCC) for providing observational data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11365-4563, Tehran, Iran

    Hossein Zohdirad & Masoud Montazeri Namin

  2. School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

    Khosro Ashrafi

  3. Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland

    Sebnem Aksoyoglu & André Stephan Henry Prévôt

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  1. Hossein Zohdirad
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. HZ collected the data, performed the analysis, and drafted the manuscript. MMN and KA supervised the work and contributed to the interpretation of the results. AP and SA provided critical feedback and helped shape the analysis and manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Masoud Montazeri Namin.

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Zohdirad, H., Montazeri Namin, M., Ashrafi, K. et al. Temporal variations, regional contribution, and cluster analyses of ozone and NOx in a middle eastern megacity during summertime over 2017–2019. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 16233–16249 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14923-1

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