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Time-frequency dependency of temperature and sea level: a global perspective

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Abstract

The importance of environmental sustainability to all human aspects has been spiking as the world keeps evolving. Economies around the world are on the move to ensure sustainable economic development and a clean atmosphere through the use of renewable energy sources. Since the end of the nineteenth century, it is recognized that a global mean sea level rise speed about 1.7 ± 0.2 mm/year, but the rate has increased to 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/year. In this study, we investigated the dynamic linkage between average temperature and sea level within the global framework covering 1881 to 2013. The paper employs wavelet analysis to investigate the short-term and long-run causal links between global average temperature anomalies and global sea level. In this respect, our findings indicate that (i) a significant vulnerability in global average temperature and sea level is observed over the selected study period; (ii) global average temperature has considerable power for predicting sea level, particularly in the long-term. The causality test revealed a bi-directional causal relationship between global average temperature and sea level and unidirectional flow from global average temperature to sea level. And the study confirms the “conservation hypothesis,” and it has long-run implications for environmental quality. Thus, minimizing global average temperature anomalies is a decisive ingredient for minimizing sea level rise. Based on these outcomes, both developed and developing countries’ policymakers should support the Paris agreement (COP21) agreement to control CO2 emissions growth. Policymakers should encourage the usage of environmentally friendly energy sources that will enhance environmental quality and hold the increase in global average temperature below 1.5 °C.

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Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Met Office Hadley Centre.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Banking and Finance, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10, Mersin, Turkey

    Dervis Kirikkaleli

  2. Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, TR-10, Mersin, Turkey

    James Karmoh Sowah Jr

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  1. Dervis Kirikkaleli
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Contributions

Dervis Kirikkaleli and James Karmoh Sowah Jr designed the experiment and collected the dataset. The introduction and literature review sections are written by James Karmoh Sowah Jr. Dervis Kirikkaleli and constructed the methodology section and empirical outcomes in the study. James Karmoh Sowah Jr contributed to the interpretation of the outcomes. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dervis Kirikkaleli.

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Kirikkaleli, D., Sowah, J.K. Time-frequency dependency of temperature and sea level: a global perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 58787–58798 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14846-x

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