Abstract
Alkylphenols are industrial pollutants commonly present in wastewater. They are difficult to eliminate by conventional treatment processes, ending up in the sludge of wastewater treatment plants. In this study, we propose to use cross-linked cyclodextrin-based polymers (ECP) as sorbents to treat three alkylphenols, namely, one nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and two octylphenols (4-n-OP and 4-tert-OP), present in aqueous solution by a batch method. The experiments were carried out with five cyclodextrin polymers (α-ECP, β-ECP, γ-ECP, α,β,γ-ECP, and HP-β-ECP). Sorption results showed that all polymers, with the exception of α-ECP, had high sorption capacities between 60 and 100% of the alkylphenols in the concentration range studied (between 25 and 100 μg/L). In all cases, HP-β-ECP has shown the highest removals, regardless of the structure of the molecule. The order obtained was HP-β-ECP >> β-ECP ~ α,β,γ-ECP >> γ-ECP > α-ECP. The 4-tert-OP compound was the best adsorbed, regardless the material and the solution studied. Sorption results also indicated that (i) the sorption efficiency decreased with the increasing of alkylphenol concentration; (ii) sodium chloride had a strong negative effect on the sorption process; and (iii) the performance remained unchanged after five sorption-regeneration cycles. The main sorption mechanism of alkylphenols occurring in ECP was the inclusion within the cyclodextrin cavities. The obtained results proved that cyclodextrin polymers could serve as efficient sorbents for the removal of alkylphenols from real effluents.
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Abbreviations
- 4-n-NP:
-
4-n-nonylphenol
- 4-n-OP:
-
4-n-octylphenol
- 4-tert-OP:
-
4-tert-octylphenol
- α-ECP:
-
cross-linked α-cyclodextrin polymer
- β-ECP:
-
cross-linked β-cyclodextrin polymer
- γ-ECP:
-
cross-linked γ-cyclodextrin polymer
- α,β,γ-ECP:
-
cross-linked α,β,γ-cyclodextrin polymer (mixture)
- CD:
-
cyclodextrin
- ECP:
-
cross-linked cyclodextrin-based polymer
- HP-β-ECP:
-
cross-linked hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin polymer
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Silac Industrie (Xavier Hutinet, Thierry Barthelet), Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, and Fonds Européen de Développment Régional (FEDER) for financial support and for the research grant awarded to Guest Professor C. Bradu and to Guest Researcher C. Cosentino.
Funding
This research was supported by the Silac Industrie (Champlitte, France), Région Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté, and Fonds Européen de Développment Régional (FEDER).
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G. Crini conceived, designed and performed the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the paper; C. Bradu analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the paper; M. Fourmentin contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools, and figures; C. Cosentino contributed reagents, materials, and data; ARL. Ribeiro analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the paper; N. Morin-Crini performed the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the paper.
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Highlights
• Cyclodextrin polymers were used as sorbents for alkylphenols removal from solutions.
• HP-β-ECP showed the highest performances, regardless the structure of the alkylphenol.
• 4-tert-octylphenol was the best adsorbed, regardless the material and the solution studied.
• High sorption capacities (60–100%) were obtained in the concentration range studied.
• The performance remained unchanged after five sorption-regeneration cycles.
• The main sorption mechanism was the inclusion within the cyclodextrin cavities.
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Crini, G., Bradu, C., Fourmentin, M. et al. Sorption of 4-n-nonylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, and 4-tert-octyphenol on cyclodextrin polymers. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 171–181 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14435-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14435-y