Abstract
The occurrence of heavy metals in the natural aquatic systems arising from anthropogenic sources is an issue of global and environmental concern because of their extremely harmful effects to living beings even in rather low concentrations. The synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of novel norbornene dicarboximides bearing highly aromatic pendant groups, specifically, N-4-tritylphenyl-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide (2a) and N-2,4,6-(triphenyl)phenyl-norbornene-5,6-dicarboximide (2b), their hydrogenation and further polymer sulfonation to render them adsorbents for the uptake of heavy metal ions from water is reported in this study. The macromolecules were characterized by means of FT-IR, 1H NMR, and thermal analysis, among others. A thoroughly kinetic and isothermal study of adsorption in single and ternary aqueous solutions of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ was performed considering several experimental variables for instance initial metal concentration, contact time and solution pH. In general, the experimental data were adjusted more efficiently to the pseudo-second order kinetic model and to the Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. The maximum removal amounts were found to be 55.7 mg/g for Pb2+, 33.9 mg/g for Cd2+, and 10.2 mg/g for Ni2+ in the sulfonated trityl-bearing polymer 5a while those found for the sulfonated triphenyl-bearing polymer 5b were 31.5 mg/g for Pb2+, 26.6 mg/g for Cd2+, and 7.0 mg/g for Ni2+, respectively. The higher heavy metal removal capacity of polymer 5a was attributed to its also higher degree of sulfonation. The outcomes indicate that these novel sulfonic acid containing polymer-based adsorbents are effective for the uptake of heavy metallic elements from water.
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The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Gerardo Cedillo Valverde, Karla Eriseth Reyes Morales and Carlos Flores Morales for their assistance in NMR, thermal properties and AFM, respectively.
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We thank CONACyT for generous support with contract 239947. Financial support from DGAPA-UNAM PAPIIT through the projects IN106819 and IA103019 are gratefully acknowledged.
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Conceptualization: Arlette A. Santiago, Mohamed Abatal and Joel Vargas; data curation: Isabel Ruiz, Carlos Corona-García and Mohamed Abatal; investigation: Isabel Ruiz and Carlos Corona-García; methodology: Carlos Corona-García, Arlette A. Santiago, Mohamed Abatal, Mercedes Gabriela Téllez Arias and Ismeli Alfonso; writing—original draft: Isabel Ruiz, Arlette A. Santiago and Joel Vargas; writing—review & editing: Joel Vargas. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Ruiz, I., Corona-García, C., Santiago, A.A. et al. Synthesis, characterization, and assessment of novel sulfonated polynorbornene dicarboximides as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 52014–52031 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13757-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13757-1