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Toxic effects of a mancozeb-containing commercial formulation at environmental relevant concentrations on zebrafish embryonic development

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Abstract

The toxicological knowledge of mancozeb (MZ)-containing commercial formulations on non-target species is scarce and limited. Therefore, the objective of this work was to represent a realistic application scenario by evaluating the toxicity of environmental relevant and higher concentrations of a commercial formulation of MZ using zebrafish embryos. Following determination of the 96-h LC50 value, the embryos at the blastula stage (~ 2 h post-fertilisation, hpf) were exposed to 0.5, 5, and 50 μg L−1 of the active ingredient (~ 40× lower than the 96-h LC50). During the exposure period (96 h), lethal, sublethal, and teratogenic parameters, as well as behaviour analysis, at 120 hpf, were assayed. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress–linked enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and glutathione levels (GSH and GSSG), as well as the activity of degradation (glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE)), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)), and anaerobic respiration (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH))–related enzymes, were analysed at the end of the exposure period. Exposed embryos showed a marked decrease in the hatching rate and many malformations (cardiac and yolk sac oedema and spinal torsions), with a higher prevalence at the highest concentration. A dose-dependent decreased locomotor activity and a response to an aversive stimulus, as well as a light-dark transition decline, were observed at environmental relevant concentrations. Furthermore, the activities of SOD and GR increased while the activity of GST, AChE, and MDA contents decreased. Taken together, the involvement of mancozeb metabolites and the generation of ROS are suggested as responsible for the developmental phenotypes. While further studies are needed to fully support the hypothesis presented, the potential cumulative effects of mancozeb-containing formulations and its metabolites could represent an environmental risk which should not be disregarded.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Fernando Nunes for the experimental assistance in the chromatographic procedures.

This work was financially supported by the European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI– Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Programme, under the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958, and the National Funds by FCT—“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    Raquel Vieira, Carlos A. S. Venâncio & Luís M. Félix

  2. Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal

    Carlos A. S. Venâncio

  3. Laboratory Animal Science (LAS), i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (UP), Porto, Portugal

    Luís M. Félix

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  1. Raquel Vieira
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  2. Carlos A. S. Venâncio
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  3. Luís M. Félix
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Correspondence to Luís M. Félix.

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Experiments were carried out in strict accordance with the ethical principles and other requirements on the use of laboratory animals of the EU directive (2010/63/EU) and national legislation for animal experimentation and welfare (Decreto-Lei 113/2013).

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Vieira, R., Venâncio, C.A.S. & Félix, L.M. Toxic effects of a mancozeb-containing commercial formulation at environmental relevant concentrations on zebrafish embryonic development. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 21174–21187 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08412-0

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