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Effects of short-term exposure of paracetamol in the gonads of blue mussels Mytilus edulis

  • Challenges in Emerging Environmental Contaminants
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Abstract

A growing body of literature suggests that pharmaceutical contamination poses an increasing risk to marine ecosystems. Paracetamol or acetaminophen is the most widely used medicine in the world and has recently been detected in seawater. Here, we present the results of 7 days’ exposure of blue mussel adults to 40 ng/L, 250 ng/L and 100 μg/L of paracetamol. Histopathology shows that haemocytic infiltration is the most observed condition in the exposed mussels. The mRNA expression of VTG, V9, ER2, HSP70, CASP8, BCL2 and FAS in mussel gonads present different patterns of downregulation. VTG and CASP8 mRNA expression show downregulation in all exposed mussels, irrespective of sex. The V9, HSP70, BCL2 and FAS transcripts follow a concentration-dependent variation in gene expression and may therefore be considered good biomarker candidates. ER2 mRNA expression shows a downregulated trend, with a clearer dose-response relationship in males. In conclusion, this study suggests that paracetamol has the potential to alter the expression of several genes related to processes occurring in the reproductive system and may therefore impair reproduction in blue mussels.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Darren McCabe and Dr. Nicholas Stewart for their assistance.

Funding

This research is funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (MRTHE) Republic of Indonesia through the Research and Innovation in Science and Technology Project (RISET-Pro).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4AT, UK

    Wulan Koagouw & Corina Ciocan

  2. Bitung Marine Life Conservation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Tandurusa, Aertembaga, Bitung, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

    Wulan Koagouw

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  1. Wulan Koagouw
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Correspondence to Corina Ciocan.

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Koagouw, W., Ciocan, C. Effects of short-term exposure of paracetamol in the gonads of blue mussels Mytilus edulis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 30933–30944 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06861-w

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