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Potentials of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil on ruminal methanogenesis, feed degradability, and enzyme activities in vitro

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Abstract

The effects of patchouli essential oil (PEO) as an alternative to antibiotics on ruminal methanogenesis, feed degradability, and enzyme activities were evaluated. The basal substrate was incubated without additives (control, CTL) and with monensin (MON, 6 μM/g DM) or patchouli essential oil (PEO, 90 μg/g DM) for 24 h. In three different runs, the gas production (GP) was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation using a semi-automatic system. The results revealed that MON had decreased (P < 0.05) the net GP and CH4 production and digestible and metabolizable energy relative to PEO supplementation. The in vitro truly degraded organic matter was not influenced by PEO application, while was reduced (P = 0.027) with MON. Both PEO and MON had similar reducing effect on the activity of carboxymethylcellulase (P = 0.030), in vitro truly degraded neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.010), NH3-N concentrations (P = 0.012), acetate proportion (C2, P = 0.046), C2 to C3 ratio (P = 0.023), and total protozoal count (P = 0.017). Both additives recorded similar elevating potential on the α-amylase activity (P = 0.012), propionate (C3) proportion (P = 0.011), and microbial protein (P = 0.034) compared with CTL. Effects of MON and PEO on ruminal feed degradability, microbial enzyme activities, and total protozoa counts may be responsible for modifying rumen fermentation ecology. Addition of PEO may act as a desirable alternative rumen modifier for MON in ruminant diets.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their extreme sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr. A. S. Morsy, R. C. Lucas, and Y. A. Soltan for the laboratory assistance.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Aflaton St., El-Shatby, P.O Box 21545, Alexandria, Egypt

    Hani M. El-Zaiat

  2. Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil

    Adibe L. Abdalla

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  1. Hani M. El-Zaiat
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Correspondence to Hani M. El-Zaiat.

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The in vitro assays and ruminal fluid sampling protocol were used in accordance with guidelines approved by the Internal Commission for Environmental Ethics in Experimentation with Animals of CENA/USP.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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El-Zaiat, H.M., Abdalla, A.L. Potentials of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) essential oil on ruminal methanogenesis, feed degradability, and enzyme activities in vitro. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 30220–30228 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06198-4

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