Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental assessment and multi-response optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Aegle marmelos seed cake pyrolysis oil-diesel blends using Grey relational analysis coupled principal component analysis

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research focuses on the detailed experimental assessment of compression ignition (CI) engine behavior fuelled with Aegle marmelos (AM) seed cake pyrolysis oil blends. The study on effects of engine performance and emission a characteristic was designed using L25 orthogonal array (OA). These multi-objectives were normalized through gray relational analysis (GRA). Likewise, the principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to assess the weighting values respective to every performance and emission characteristics. The variability induced by using the input process parameters was allocated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hence, GRA-coupled PCA were employed to determine the optimal combination of CI engine control factors. The greater combination of engine characteristics levels were selected with F5 and W5. The higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) have been obtained for F20 fuel as 22.01% at peak engine load, which is 11.43% for diesel. At peak load condition, F20 fuel emits 14.99% lower HC and 18.52% lower CO as compared to diesel fuel. The improved engine performance and emission characters can be attained by setting the optimal engine parameter combination as F20 blend at full engine load condition. The validation experiments show an improved average engine performance of 67.36% and average lower emission of 64.99% with the composite desirability of 0.8458.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alves A, Gierlinger N, Schwanninger M, Rodrigues J (2009) Analytical pyrolysis as a direct method to determine the lignin content in wood: part 3. Evaluation of species-specific and tissue-specific differences in softwood lignin composition using principal component analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85:30–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anupam K, Sharma AK, Lal PS, Dutta S, Maity S (2016) Preparation, characterization and optimization for upgrading Leucaena leucocephala bark to biochar fuel with high energy yielding. Energy 106:743–756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avinash A, Subramaniam D, Murugesan A (2014) Bio-diesel—a global scenario. Renew Sust Energ Rev 29:517–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G-L, Chen G-B, Li Y-H, Wu W-T (2014) A study of thermal pyrolysis for castor meal using the Taguchi method. Energy 71:62–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chintala V, Kumar S, Pandey JK (2017) Assessment of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine with solar driven Jatropha biomass pyrolysed oil. Energy Convers Manag 148:611–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davim JP, Reis P, António CC (2004) A study on milling of glass fiber reinforced plastics manufactured by hand-lay up using statistical analysis (ANOVA). Compos Struct 64:493–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhanamurugan A, Subramanian R (2014) Performance of single cylinder diesel engine with bael seed biodiesel. J Sci Ind Res 74:232–235. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/31319

  • Gómez CJ, Mészáros E, Jakab E, Velo E, Puigjaner L (2007) Thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry study of woody residues and an herbaceous biomass crop using PCA techniques. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 80:416–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halim SA, Swithenbank J (2016) Characterisation of Malaysian wood pellets and rubberwood using slow pyrolysis and microwave technology. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 122:64–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • How B, Lam HL (2018) Sustainability evaluation for biomass supply chain synthesis: novel principal component analysis (PCA) aided optimisation approach. J Clean Prod 189:941–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jain S, Sharma SK, Choudhary N, Masiwal R, Saxena M, Sharma A, Mandal TK, Gupta A, Gupta NC, Sharma C (2017) Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 using PCA/APCS, UNMIX, and PMF at an urban site of Delhi, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:14637–14656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jana B, Das B, Singh M (2014) Conservation and performance of some bael (Aegle marmelos correa) genotypes under rain-fed ecosystem of eastern India. Int J Info Res Rev 1:133–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan GR, Anand R (2012) Effect of injection pressure and injection timing on DI diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Biomass Bioenergy 46:343–352

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katagi KS, Munnolli RS, Hosamani KM (2011) Unique occurrence of unusual fatty acid in the seed oil of Aegle marmelos corre: screening the rich source of seed oil for bio-energy production. Appl Energy 88:1797–1802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr T, Duncan K, Myers L (2013) Post fire materials identification by micro-Raman spectroscopy and principal components analysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 102:103–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim TY, Lee S, Kang K (2015) Performance and emission characteristics of a high-compression-ratio diesel engine fueled with wood pyrolysis oil-butanol blended fuels. Energy 93:2241–2250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotaiah Naik D, Monika K, Prabhakar S, Parthasarathy R, Satyavathi B (2017) Pyrolysis of sorghum bagasse biomass into bio-char and bio-oil products. J Therm Anal Calorim 127:1277–1289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2017) Experimental investigation on performance, emission behavior and exergy analysis of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with diesel - aegle marmelos oil - diethyl ether blends. Energy 128:312–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2018a) The influence of charge air temperature and exhaust gas recirculation on the availability analysis, performance and emission behavior of diesel - bael oil - diethyl ether blend operated diesel engine. J Mech Sci Technol 32:1835–1847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R (2018b) Experimental investigation on the availability, performance, combustion and emission distinctiveness of bael oil/diesel/diethyl ether blends powered in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. Heat Mass Transf 54:2023–2044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Dinesha P (2018) Optimization of engine parameters in a bio diesel engine run with honge methyl ester using response surface methodology. Measurement 125:224–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam SS, Liew RK, Jusoh A, Chong CT, Ani FN, Chase HA (2016) Progress in waste oil to sustainable energy, with emphasis on pyrolysis techniques. Renew Sust Energ Rev 53:741–753

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam SS, Liew RK, Wong YM, Yek PNY, Ma NL, Lee CL, Chase HA (2017) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis with chemical activation, an innovative method to convert orange peel into activated carbon with improved properties as dye adsorbent. J Clean Prod 162:1376–1387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam SS, Liew RK, Cheng CK, Rasit N, Ooi CK, Ma NL, Ng J-H, Lam WH, Chong CT, Chase HA (2018) Pyrolysis production of fruit peel biochar for potential use in treatment of palm oil mill effluent. J Environ Manag 213:400–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liaw S-S, Haber Perez V, Zhou S, Rodriguez-Justo O, Garcia-Perez M (2014) Py-GC/MS studies and principal component analysis to evaluate the impact of feedstock and temperature on the distribution of products during fast pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 109:140–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miraculas GA, Bose N, Raj RE (2016) Optimization of biofuel blends and compression ratio of a diesel engine fueled with Calophyllum inophyllum oil methyl ester. Arab J Sci Eng 41:1723–1733

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed Shameer P, Ramesh K, Sakthivel R, Purnachandran R (2017) Effects of fuel injection parameters on emission characteristics of diesel engines operating on various biodiesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:1267–1281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muralidharan K, Vasudevan D (2011) Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends. Appl Energy 88:3959–3968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neeraj VB, Johar V (2017) Bael (Aegle marmelos) extraordinary species of India: a review. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6:1870–1887

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira TJP, Cardoso CR, Ataíde CH (2015) Fast pyrolysis of soybean hulls: analysis of bio-oil produced in a fluidized bed reactor and of vapor obtained in analytical pyrolysis. J Therm Anal Calorim 120:427–438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paramasivam B, Kasimani R, Rajamohan S (2018) Characterization of pyrolysis bio-oil derived from intermediate pyrolysis of Aegle marmelos de-oiled cake: study on performance and emission characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with Aegle marmelos pyrolysis oil-blends. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:33806–33819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3319-x

  • Pattiya A, Titiloye JO, Bridgwater AV (2010) Evaluation of catalytic pyrolysis of cassava rhizome by principal component analysis. Fuel 89:244–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan D, Bendu H, Singh RK, Murugan S (2017) Mahua seed pyrolysis oil blends as an alternative fuel for light-duty diesel engines. Energy 118:600–612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash R, Singh RK, Murugan S (2015) Experimental studies on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using different biodiesel bio oil emulsions. J Energy Inst 88:64–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajamohan S, Kasimani R (2018) Analytical characterization of products obtained from slow pyrolysis of Calophyllum inophyllum seed cake: study on performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine fuelled with bio-oil blends. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:9523–9538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajeswari B, Amirthagadeswaran KS (2017) Experimental investigation of machinability characteristics and multi-response optimization of end milling in aluminium composites using RSM based grey relational analysis. Measurement 105:78–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Papagiannakis RG, Kyritsis DC (2014) Influence of properties of various common bio-fuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high-speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: vegetable oil, bio-diesel, ethanol, n-butanol, diethyl ether. Energy 73:354–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan P, Kasimani R, Peer MS (2018a) Optimization in the performance and emission parameters of a DI diesel engine fuelled with pentanol added Calophyllum inophyllum/diesel blends using response surface methodology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:29115–29128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramakrishnan P, Kasimani R, Peer MS, Rajamohan S (2018b) Assessment of n-pentanol/Calophyllum inophyllum/diesel blends on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a constant-speed variable compression ratio direct injection diesel engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:13731–13744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh K, Baranitharan P, Sakthivel R (2018) Investigation of the stability on boring tool attached with double impact dampers using Taguchi based Grey analysis and cutting tool temperature investigation through FLUKE-Thermal imager. Measurement 131:143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.08.055

  • Razmara M, Bidarvatan M, Shahbakhti M, Robinett RD (2016) Optimal exergy-based control of internal combustion engines. Appl Energy 183:1389–1403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reche López P, Jurado F, Ruiz Reyes N, García Galán S, Gómez M (2008) Particle swarm optimization for biomass-fuelled systems with technical constraints. Eng Appl Artif Intell 21:1389–1396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakthivel R, Ramesh K, Purnachandran R, Mohamed Shameer P (2018) A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:2970–2992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shameer PM, Ramesh K (2017) Influence of antioxidants on fuel stability of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and RSM-based optimization of engine characteristics at varying injection timing and compression ratio. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 39:4251–4273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shan X, Qian Y, Zhu L, Lu X (2016) Effects of EGR rate and hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio on combustion and emission characteristics of biogas/diesel dual fuel combustion engine. Fuel 181:1050–1057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Murugan S (2013) Investigation on the behaviour of a DI diesel engine fueled with jatropha methyl ester (JME) and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) blends. Fuel 108:699–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam D, Murugesan A, Avinash A, Kumaravel A (2013) Bio-diesel production and its engine characteristics—an expatiate view. Renew Sust Energ Rev 22:361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sudhagar S, Sakthivel M, Mathew PJ, Daniel SAA (2017) A multi criteria decision making approach for process improvement in friction stir welding of aluminium alloy. Measurement 108:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suriapparao DV, Pradeep N, Vinu R (2015) Bio-oil production from Prosopis juliflora via microwave pyrolysis. Energy Fuel 29:2571–2581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venugopal P, Kasimani R, Chinnasamy S (2018) Prediction and optimization of CI engine performance fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum diesel blend using response surface methodology (RSM). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:24829–24844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma S, Das LM, Kaushik SC (2017) Effects of varying composition of biogas on performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine using exergy analysis. Energy Convers Manag 138:346–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wamankar AK, Satapathy AK, Murugan S (2015) Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio, injection timing & pressure in a DI (direct injection) diesel engine running on carbon black-water-diesel emulsion. Energy 93:511–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, Tamil Nadu, India

    Baranitharan Paramasivam & Ramesh Kasimani

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India

    Sakthivel Rajamohan

Authors
  1. Baranitharan Paramasivam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ramesh Kasimani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sakthivel Rajamohan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Baranitharan Paramasivam.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Paramasivam, B., Kasimani, R. & Rajamohan, S. Experimental assessment and multi-response optimization of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Aegle marmelos seed cake pyrolysis oil-diesel blends using Grey relational analysis coupled principal component analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 6980–7004 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04164-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04164-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation