Abstract
Quantifying road-deposited sediment (RDS) wash-off is critical in estimating pollutant load and for supporting the designs of urban storm water low-impact development (LID) best management practices (BMPs). The objective of this study was to identify a simple and effective small-scale wash-off load estimation and prediction method suitable for BMP engineering. The reliabilities, complexities, and applicabilities of four prediction methods (i.e., the event mean concentration (EMC) equation method, the exponential equation method, and the RDS mass difference before and after rainfall event method, and the RDS index model) were tested for three sites (i.e., a newly built area, and built-up area, and conservation area) during five natural rainfall events. Taking the calculations by the EMC method as standard results revealed the following. (1) The degree of agreement of the methods with the standard results in descending order was exponential equation method > RDS index model > RDS mass difference. (2) The degree of complexity of the studied methods in descending order was exponential equation method > the EMC equation method > the RDS index model > the RDS mass difference. (3) When considering the applicability of the models in terms of LID-BMP engineering, the RDS index model could be considered optimal for supporting the design of urban storm water BMPs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alias N, Liu A, Goonetilleke A, Egodawatta P (2014) Time as the critical factor in the investigation of the relationship between pollutant wash-off and rainfall characteristics. Ecol Eng 64:301–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.01.008
Americ PJB (1971) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. Am J Public Health Nations Health 4:113-X
Bach PM, Mccarthy DT, Deletic A (2010) Redefining the stormwater first flush phenomenon. Water Res 44(8):2487–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.01.022
Baek SS, Choi DH, Jung JW, Lee HJ, Lee H, Yoon KS, Cho KH (2015) Optimizing low impact development (LID) for stormwater runoff treatment in urban area, Korea: experimental and modeling approach. Water Res 86:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.038
Bertrand-Krajewski JL, Chebbo G, Saget A (1998) Distribution of pollutant mass vs volume in stormwater discharges and the first flush phenomenon. Water Res 32(8):2341–2356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00420-X
Bonhomme C, Petrucci G (2017) Should we trust build-up/wash-off water quality models at thescale of urban catchments? Water Res 108:422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.027
Bressy A, Gromaire MC, Lorgeoux C, Saad M, Leroy F, Chebbo G (2012) Towards the determination of an optimal scale for stormwater quality management: micropollutants in a small residential catchment. Water Res 46(20):6799–6810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.017
Egodawatta PK (2007) Translation of small-plot scale pollutant build-up and wash-off measurements to urban catchment scale. Stormwater Quality Modelling
Gao J, Wang R, Huang J, Liu M (2015) Application of BMP to urban runoff control using SUSTAIN model: case study in an industrial area. Ecol Model 318:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.018
Gasperi J, Geara D, Lorgeoux C, Bressy A, Zedek S, Rocher V, El SA, Chebbo G, Moilleron R (2014) First assessment of triclosan, triclocarban and paraben mass loads at a very large regional scale: case of Paris conurbation (France). Sci Total Environ 493:854–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.079
Haddad K, Egodawatta P, Rahman A, Goonetilleke A (2014) Assessing uncertainty in pollutant wash-off modelling via model validation. Sci Total Environ 497-498C:578–584
Ju YL, Kim H, Kim Y et al (2011) Characteristics of the event mean concentration (EMC) from rainfall runoff on an urban highway [J]. Environ Pollut 159(4):884–888
Kanso A, Chebbo G, Tassin B (2005) Stormwater quality modelling in combined sewers: calibration and uncertainty analysis. Water Sci Technol J Int Assoc Water Pollut Res 52(3):63–71
Kim LH, Ko SO, Jeong S, Yoon J (2007) Characteristics of washed-off pollutants and dynamic EMCs in parking lots and bridges during a storm. Sci Total Environ 376(1-3):178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.053
Li X, Weller DE, Jordan TE (2010) Watershed model calibration using multi-objective optimization and multi-site averaging. J Hydrol 380(3-4):277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.11.003
Liu A, Egodawatta P, Guan Y, Goonetilleke A (2012a) Influence of rainfall and catchment characteristics on urban stormwater quality. Sci Total Environ 444C:255–262
Liu A, Goonetilleke A, Egodawatta P (2012b) Inherent errors in pollutant build-up estimation in considering urban land use as a lumped parameter. J Environ Qual 41(5):1690–1694. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0419
Mao X, Jia H, Yu SL (2017) Assessing the ecological benefits of aggregate LID-BMPs throughmodelling. Ecol Model 353:139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.10.018
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (2015) Sponge city construction technology guide―construction of LID facilities, China Architecture & Building Press (in Chinese)
Pitt R, Williamson D, Voorhees J, Clark S (2005) Review of historical street dust and dirt accumulation and washoff data. Journal of Water Management Modeling. https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.R223-12
Qin H, Tan X, Fu G, Zhang Y, Huang Y (2013) Frequency analysis of urban runoff quality in an urbanizing catchment of Shenzhen, China [J]. J Hydrol 496(2):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.053
Rossman LA (2007): Storm water management model user’s manual
Sage J, Bonhomme C, Ali SA, Gromaire MC (2015) Performance assessment of a commonly used “accumulation and wash-off” model from long-term continuous road runoff turbidity measurements. Water Res 78:47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.030
Sansalone JJ, Buchberger SG (1997) Partitioning and first flush of metals in urban roadway storm water. J Environ Eng 123(2):134–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:2(134)
Sartor JD, Boyd GB, Agardy FJ (1974) Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants. J Water Pollut Control Fed 46(3):458–467
Shen Z, Liu J, Aini G, Gong Y (2016) A comparative study of the grain-size distribution of surface dust and stormwater runoff quality on typical urban roads and roofs in Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(3):2693–2704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5512-5
Soonthornnonda P, Christensen ER, Liu Y, Li J (2008) A washoff model for stormwater pollutants. Sci Total Environ 402(2-3):248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.036
Sutherland RA (2003) Lead in grain size fractions of road-deposited sediment. Environ Pollut 121(2):229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00219-1
Vaze J, Chiew FHS (2002) Experimental study of pollutant accumulation on an urban road surface. Urban Water 4(4):379–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00027-4
Wang L, Wei J, Huang Y, Wang G, Maqsood I (2011) Urban nonpoint source pollution buildup and washoff models for simulating storm runoff quality in the Los Angeles County. Environ Pollut 159(7):1932–1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.019
Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, Mcgree J, Goonetilleke A (2015a) Influence of pollutant build-up on variability in wash-off from urban road surfaces. Sci Total Environ 527-528C:344–350
Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, Mcgree J, Goonetilleke A (2015b) Incorporating process variability into stormwater quality modelling. Sci Total Environ 533:454–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.008
Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, Mcgree J, Goonetilleke A (2016a) Understanding the uncertainty associated with particle-bound pollutant build-up and wash-off: a critical review. Water Res 101:582–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.013
Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, Mcgree J, Goonetilleke A (2016b) Assessing uncertainty in stormwater quality modelling. Water Res 103:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.011
Wijesiri B, Egodawatta P, Mcgree J, Goonetilleke A (2016c) Assessing uncertainty in pollutant build-up and wash-off processes. Environ Pollut 212:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.051
Yi C, Shuai J, Zhao Z, Shi P, Tao F (2014) Simulating the impact of watershed management for surface water quality protection: a case study on reducing inorganic nitrogen load at a watershed scale. Ecol Eng 62:61–70
Zafra C, Temprano J, Suárez J (2017) A simplified method for determining potential heavy metal loads washed-off by stormwater runoff from road-deposited sediments.[J]. Sci Total Environ 601-602:260–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.178
Zhang J, Pei H, Krebs P (2015a) The build-up dynamic and chemical fractionation of Cu, Zn and Cd in road-deposited sediment [J]. Sci Total Environ 532:723–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.074
Zhang W, Li T, Dai M (2015b) Influence of rainfall characteristics on pollutant wash-off for road catchments in urban Shanghai. Ecol Eng 81:102–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.016
Zhao H, Li X, Wang X, Tian D (2010) Grain size distribution of road-deposited sediment and its contribution to heavy metal pollution in urban runoff in Beijing, China. J Hazard Mater 183(1-3):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.012
Zhao H, Zhao J, Yin C, Li X (2014) Index models to evaluate the potential metal pollution contribution from washoff of road-deposited sediment. Water Res 59:71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.012
Zhao H, Chen X, Hao S, Yan J, Jiang Z, Zou C, Xie W (2016) Is the wash-off process of road-deposited sediment source limited or transport limited? Sci Total Environ 563–564:62–70
Zheng Y, Lin Z, Li H, Ge Y, Zhang W, Ye Y, Wang X (2014) Assessing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution of urban stormwater runoff: a dynamic modeling approach [J]. Sci Total Environ 481(2):554–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.097
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Yukun Ma for her help in correcting the language of the manuscript. Furthermore, we thank Changliang Zou, Wangshou Zhang, Linlin Bao, Manli Gong, and Haolu Song for their help in collecting road-deposited sediment and runoff water samples.
Funding
Funding was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41471417 and 41771529) and the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No. 2015ZX07206-006-02).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, X., Zhao, H., Liao, Y. et al. Evaluation of the methods for quantifying particle wash-off loadings in urban impervious surfaces at small scales. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 6969–6979 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1018-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1018-7