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Geochemical source, deposition, and environmental risk assessment of cadmium in surface and core sediments from the Bohai Sea, China

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Abstract

Geochemical sources, spatio-temporal distribution, and associated environmental risk of Cd in the Bohai Sea were investigated using data from 405 surface sediment samples and two sediment cores. Local point Cd sources, TOC content, and currents are the main controlling factors of Cd distribution. The contribution of Cd from river discharge surpasses that from atmospheric deposition. Sediment-quality guidelines, enrichment factors, and chemical fraction analysis were used to assess metal toxicity in the collected sediments. Results show that Bohai Sea sediments have a moderate Cd enrichment level. This enrichment poses a high risk due to the relatively high mobility and bioavailability of Cd despite measured levels below sediment-quality guidelines at most stations. Vertical profiles of Cd concentrations, Al-normalized enrichment factors, and excess burial fluxes combined with 210Pb dating reveal the history of Cd pollution in the Bohai Sea over the last century. Data show Cd unvaried before the 1800s, a slight increase from the 1800s to the late 1950s, a decrease from the late 1960s to the 1970s, and an increase from the 1980s to 2001, including a relatively high value in 1998. Historic variation in Cd is closely associated with both natural and anthropogenic activities.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Gao Jinjin and Cui Jinjin for their assistance with sample treatment. We thank the anonymous reviewers and Prof. Xia Weilan for their advice on the manuscript. This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant Nos. 40806025, 41376073, and 41076032) and the Chinese State Oceanic Administration (Grant No. 201105003).

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  1. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China

    Hu Ningjing, Zhang Hui, Wang Xiaojing, Zhu Aimei, Liu Jihua & Shi Xuefa

  2. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Huang Peng

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Annual GDP (in 108 Chinese Yuan) from 1952 to 2004 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, NBSC 2005) (JPEG 159 kb)

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Annual coal (square) and oil (circle) consumption data (in million tons) from 1953 to 2004 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, NBSC 2005) (JPEG 211 kb)

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Ningjing, H., Peng, H., Hui, Z. et al. Geochemical source, deposition, and environmental risk assessment of cadmium in surface and core sediments from the Bohai Sea, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 827–843 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7800-0

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