Abstract
Calcium titanate zirconate, Ca(Ti(1-x)Zrx)O3 (CZT), powders have been synthesised by the polymeric precursor method. The structural analysis of the CZT powders was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and textural analysis. The photocatalytic properties were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) decomposition and real textile wastewater (RTW) combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of RTW was successfully reduced from 6195 mg L−1 (untreated) to 662 mg L−1 after coagulation/flocculation with a tannin-based coagulant (Tanfloc®) and finally to 471 mg L−1 after combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis) applying ultraviolet radiation and CaTiO3 as photocatalyst.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alammar T, Hamm I, Wark M, Mudring AV (2015) Low-temperature route to metal titanate perovskite nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. Appl Catal B-Environ 178:20–28. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.010
André RS, Zanetti SM, Varela JA, Longo E (2014) Synthesis by a chemical method and characterization of CaZrO3 powders: potential application as humidity sensors. Ceram Int 40:16627–16634. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.08.023
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. AWWA, WPCF, Washington
Arora AK, Purisk SRM, Mandal T, Christopher J, Puri SK, Gupta AA (2014) An effective heterogeneous catalyst from waste material for the biodiesel production. J surface. Sci Technol 30:45–58
Beltrán-Heredia J, Sánchez-Martín J, Solera-Hernández C (2009) Anionic surfactants removal by natural coagulant/flocculant products. Ind Eng Chem Res 48:5085–5092. doi:10.1021/ie801913y
Beltrán-Heredia J, Sánchez-Martín J, Rodríguez-Sánchez, MT (2011) Textile wastewater purification through natural coagulants. Applied Water Science 1:25-33. doi:10.1007/s13201-011-0005-2
Brik MG, Ma CG, Krasnenko V (2013) First-principles calculations of the structural and electronic properties of the cubic CaZrO3 (001) surfaces. Surf Sci 608:146–153. doi:10.1016/j.susc.2012.10.004
Cavalcante LS, Simões AZ, Espinosa JWM, Santos LPS, Longo E, Varela JA, Pizani PS (2008) Study of structural evolution and photoluminescent properties at room temperature of Ca(Zr,Ti)O3 powders. J Alloys Compd 464:340–346. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.09.121
Cui H, Liu H, Shi J, Wang C (2013) Function of TiO2 lattice defects toward photocatalytic processes: view of electronic driven force. Int J Photoenergy 2013:1–16. doi:10.1155/2013/364802
Davis L Jr, Rubin LG (1953) Some dielectric properties of barium-strontium titanate ceramics at 3000 megacycles. J Appl Phys 24:1194–1197. doi:10.1063/1.1721469
Ferrari-Lima AM, Marque RG, Fernandes-Machado NRC, Gimenes ML (2013) Photodegradation of petrol station wastewater after coagulation/flocculation with tannin-based coagulant. Catal Today 209:79–83. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.10.022
Fisher JG, Lee DG, JH O, Kim HN, Nguyen D, Kim JH, Lee JS, Lee HY (2013) Low-temperature sintering of barium calcium zirconium titanate lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 50:157–162. doi:10.4191/kcers.2013.50.2.157
Grabowska E (2016) Selected perovskite oxides: characterization, preparation and photocatalytic properties—a review. Appl Catal B-Environ 186:97–126. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.12.035
Gregg SJ, Sing KSW (1982) Adsorption, surface area and porosity. Academic Press, London
Hao J, Bai W, Li W, Zhai J (2012) Correlation between the microstructure and electrical properties in high-performance (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 95:1998–2006. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05146.x
Hardiman B, Kiehl KV, Reeves CP, Zeyfang RR (1978) Lead titanate zirconate–based pyroelectric ceramics. Ceramurg Int 4:108–112. doi:10.1016/0390-5519(78)90094-7
Hippel AV, Breckenridge RG, Chesley FG, Tisza L (1946) High dielectric constant ceramics. Ind Eng Chem 38:1097–1109. doi:10.1021/ie50443a009
Huang X-J, Yan X, Wu H-Y, Fang Y, Min Y-H, Li W-S, Wang S-Y, Wu Z-J (2016) Preparation of Zr-doped CaTiO3 with enhanced charge separation efficiency and photocatalytic activity. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 26:464–471. doi:10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64097-9
Ismail AA, Bahnemann DW (2014) Photochemical splitting of water for hydrogen production by photocatalysis: a review. Sol Energ Mat Sol C 128:85–101. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2014.04.037
Kanhere P, Chen Z (2014) A review on visible light active perovskite-based photocatalysts. Molecules 19:19995–20022. doi:10.3390/molecules191219995
Khodorov A, Gomes MJM (2006) Preparation and optical characterization of lanthanum modified lead zirconate titanate thin films on indium-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrate. Thin Solid Films 515:1782–1787. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.06.038
Kimura, M, Ando, A, Sakabe, Y (2010) Lead zirconate titanate-based piezo-ceramics. Advanced Piezoelectric Materials 89–110. doi:10.1533/9781845699758.1.89
Kisaka S, Ikegami S, Sasaki H (1959) Dielectric properties of mixed crystals of barium-strontium titanate. J Phys Soc Jpn 14:1680–1685. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.14.1680
Kong L, Karatchevtseva I, Holmes R, Davis J, Zhang Y, Triani G (2016) New synthesis route for lead zirconate titanate powder. Ceram Int 42:6782–6790. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.055
Kutty TRN, Balachandran R (1984) Direct precipitation of lead zirconate titanate by the hydrothermal method. Mater Res Bull 19:1479–1488. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(84)90262-9
Li Q, Wang X, Lu X, Tian H, Jiang H, Lv G, Guo D, Wu C, Chen B (2009) The incorporation of daunorubicin in câncer cells through the use of titanium dioxide whiskers. Biomaterials 30:4708–4715. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.015
Li W, Xu Z, Chu R, Fu P, Zang G (2010) Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of (Ba1-xCax)(Ti0.95Zr0.05)O3 lead-free ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 93:2942–2944. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03907.x
Lozano-Sánchez LM, Obregón S, Díaz-Torres LA, Lee SW, Rodríguez-González V (2015) Visible and near-infrared light-driven photocatalytic activity of erbium-doped CaTiO3 system. J Mol Catal A-Chem 410:19–25. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2015.09.005
Matthias BT (1951) Ferroelectricity. Science 113:591–596. doi:10.1126/science.113.2943.591
Mitsui T, Westphal WB (1961) Dielectric and X-ray studies of CaxBa1-xTiO3 and CaxSr1-xTiO3. Phys Rev 124:1354–1359. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.124.1354
Mohammadi MR, Fray DJ (2013) Synthesis of highly pure nanocrystalline and mesoporous CaTiO3 by a particulate sol-gel route at the low temperature. J Sol-Gel Sci Techn 68:324–333. doi:10.1007/s10971-013-3173-8
Nakata K, Ochiai T, Murakami T, Fujishima A (2012) Photoenergy conversion with TiO2 photocatalysis: new materials and recent applications. Eletrochim Acta 84:103–111. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.035
Özacar M, Sengil IA (2003) Evaluation of tannin biopolymer as a coagulant aid for coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloid Surface A 229:85–96. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2003.07.006
Pandit R, Sharma KK, Kaur P, Kotnala RK, Shah J, Kumar R (2014) Effect of Al3+ substitution on structural, cation distribution, electrical and magnetic properties of CoFe2O4. J Phys Chem Solids 75:558–569. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.12.015
Parrino F, Ramakrishnan A, Damm C, Kisch H (2012) Visible-light-induced sulfoxidation of alkanes in the presence of titania. ChemPlusChem 77:713–720
Pinatti IM, Mazzo TM, Gonçalves RF, Varela JA, Longo E, Rosa ILV (2016) CaTiO3 and Ca1-3xSmxTiO3: photoluminescence and morphology as a result of hydrothermal microwave methodology. Ceram Int 42:1352–1360. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.09.074
Rangi M, Sanghi S, Jangra S, Kaswan K, Agarwal A (2016) Effect of Mn doping on crystal structure, dielectric and magnetic ordering of Bi0.8Ba0.2FeO3 multiferroic. Ceram Int 42:5403–5411. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.12.077
Rodrigues AC, Boroski M, Shimada NS, Garcia JC, Nozaki J, Hioka N (2008) Treatment of paper pulp and papel mill wastewater by coagulation-flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis. J Photoch Photobio A 194:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.07.007
Rout SK, Cavalcante LS, Sczancoski JC, Badapanda T, Panigrahi S, Siu Li M, Longo E (2009) Photoluminescence property of Ba(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 powders prepared by solid state reaction and polymeric precursor method. Physica B 404:3341–3347. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2009.05.014
Shi J, Guo L (2012) ABO3-based photocatalysts for water splitting. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 22:592–615. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2012.12.002
Stoch P, Szczerba J, Lis J, Madej D, Pędzich Z (2012) Crystal structure and ab initio calculations of CaZrO3. J Eur Ceram Soc 32:665–670. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.10.011
Sun T, Lu M (2012) Band-structure modulation of SrTiO3 by hydrogenation for enhanced photoactivity. Appl Phys A-Mater 108:171–175. doi:10.1007/s00339-012-6867-9
Tanaka H, Misono M (2001) Advances in designing perovskite catalysts. Curr Opin Solid St M 5:381–387. doi:10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00035-3
Thommes M (2010) Physical adsorption characterization of nanoporous materials. Chem Ing Tech 82:1059–1073. doi:10.1002/cite.201000064
Viehland D, Li J, Dai X, Xu Z (1996) Structural and property studies of high Zr-content lead zirconate titanate. J Phys Chem Solids 57:1545–1554. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(96)00025-X
Wang P, Li Y, Lu Y (2011) Enhanced piezoelectric properties of (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3 lead-free ceramics by optimizing calcination and sintering temperature. J Eur Ceram Soc 31:2005–2012. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.023
Zhang Z, Bondarchuk O, White JM, Kay BD, Dohnálek Z (2006) Imaging adsorbate O-H bond cleavage: methanol on TiO2(110. J Am Chem Soc 128:4198–4199
Zhuang J, Tian Q, Lin S, Yang W, Chen L, Liu P (2014) Precursor morphology-controlled formation of perovskites CaTiO3 and their photo-activity for As(III) removal. Appl Catal B-Environ 156-157:108–115. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.02.015
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Brazilian agency CNPq (459057/2014-6) for the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 69 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ferrari-Lima, A.M., Ueda, A.C., Bergamo, E.A. et al. Perovskite-type titanate zirconate as photocatalyst for textile wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 12529–12537 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7590-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7590-4