Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Estimation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Field monitoring was conducted to develop a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission inventory for the magnesium (Mg) metallurgy industry in China. PAH emissions in stack gas and fly/bottom ash samples from different smelting units of a typical Mg smelter were measured and compared. Large variations of concentrations, congener patterns, and emission factors of PAHs during the oxidation and reduction stages in the Mg smelter were observed. The measured average emission factor (166,487 μg/t Mg) was significantly higher than those of other industrial sources. Annual emission from Mg metallurgy in 2012 in China was estimated at 116 kg (514 g BaPeq) for PAHs. The results of this study suggest that PAH emission from Mg industries should be considered by local government agencies. These data may be helpful for understanding PAH levels produced by the Mg industry and in developing a PAH inventory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bourotte C, Forti MC, Taniguchi S, Satie Taniguchi S, Bícego MC, Lotufo PA (2005) A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo city, Brazil. Atmos Environ 39:3799–3811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang KF, Fang GC, Chen JC, Wu YS (2006) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia: a review from 1999 to 2004. Environ Pollut 142:388–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SJ, Hsieh LT, Chiu SC (2003) Characteristics of the PAH emissions from the incineration of livestock wastes with/without APCD. Environ Int 28:659–668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Bi X, Mai BX, Sheng G, Fu JM (2004) Emission characterization of particulate/gaseous phases and size association for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from residential coal combustion. Fuel 83:781–790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen F, Hu W, Zhong Q (2013) Emissions of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Fu Gui-shan Tunnel of Nanjing, China. Atmos Res 124:53–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • China Non-Ferrous Metals Industry Association (2012) The primary magnesium production level in China. Available at: http://www.chinamagnesium.org/tjsj.php?catPath=0,1,133,155

  • China’s NIP (2007) National implementation plan for the Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants. Available at: http://www.pops.int/documents/implementation/nips/submissions/China_NIP_En.pdf

  • Chou JD, Wey MY, Chang SH (2008) Emission of Pb and PAHs from thermally co-treated MSWI fly ash and bottom ash process. J Hazard Mater 150:27–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galarneau E (2008) Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne PAHs: implications for source apportionment. Atmos Environ 42:8139–8149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang W, Huang B, Bi XH, Lin QH, Liu M, Ren ZF, Zhang GH, Wang XM, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2014) Emission of PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs from the residential honeycomb coal briquettes combustion. Energy Fuel 28:636–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson I, van Bavel B (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in weathered bottom ash from incineration of municipal solid waste. Chemosphere 53:123–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalili NR, Scheff PA, Holsen TM (1995) PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmos Environ 29:533–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E, Brown RJ (2013) A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environ Int 60:71–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong SF, Ding X, Bai ZP, Han B, Chen L, Shi JW, Li Z (2010) A seasonal study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5−10 in five typical cities of Liaoning Province, China. J Hazard Mater 183:70–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong SF, Shi JW, Lu B, Qiu WG, Zhang BS, Peng Y, Zhang BW, Bai ZP (2011) Characterization of PAHs within PM10 fraction for ashes from coke production, iron smelt, heating station and power plant stacks in Liaoning Province, China. Atmos Environ 45:3777–3785

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kong SF, Ji Y, Li Z, Lu B, Bai ZP (2013) Emission and profile characteristic of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM10 from stationary sources based on dilution sampling. Atmos Environ 77:155–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li CT, Lee WJ, Wu CH, Wang YT (1994) PAH emission from waste ion-exchange resin incineration. Sci Total Environ 155:253–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li CT, Mi HH, Lee WJ, You WC, Wang YF (1999) PAH emission from the industrial boilers. J Hazard Mater 69:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YC, Lee WJ, Chen SJ, Chien GPC, Tsai PJ (2008) Characterization of PAHs exposure in workplace atmospheres of a sinter plant and health-risk assessment for sintering workers. J Hazard Mater 158:636–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WX, Dou H, Wei ZC, Chang B, Qiu WX, Liu Y, Tao S (2009) Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China. Sci Total Environ 407:1436–1446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu T, Huang Z, Cheung CS, Ma J (2012) Size distribution of EC, OC and particle-phase PAHs emissions from a diesel engine fueled with three fuels. Sci Total Environ 438:33–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manoli E, Kouras A, Samara C (2004) Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece. Chemosphere 56:867–878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mininni G, Sbrilli A, Maria BC, Guerriero E, Marani D, Rotatori M (2007) Dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from a hospital and cemetery waste incinerator. Atmos Environ 41:8527–8536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mu L, Peng L, Cao J, He Q, Li F, Zhang J, Liu X, Bai H (2013) Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coking industries in China. Particuology 11:86–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mu L, Peng L, Liu X, Song C, Bai H, Zhang J, Hu D, He Q, Li F (2014) Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their gas/particle partitioning from fugitive emissions in coke plants. Atmos Environ 83:202–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nie ZQ, Zheng MH, Liu WB, Zhang B, Liu GR, Su GJ, Lv P, Xiao K (2011) Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, PCNs, HxCBz and PeCBz emissions from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China. Chemosphere 85:1707–1712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet ICT, LaGoy PK (1992) Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 16:290–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh JE, Gullett B, Ryan S, Touati A (2007) Mechanistic relationships among PCDD/Fs, PCNs, PAHs, ClPhs, and ClBzs in municipal waste incineration. Environ Sci Technol 41:4705–4710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park JM, Lee SB, Kim JP, Kim MJ, Kwon OS, Jung DI (2009) Behavior of PAHs from sewage sludge incinerators in Korea. Waste Manag 29:690–695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Van Grieken R (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmos Environ 42:2895–2921

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen G, Wang W, Yang Y, Ding J, Xue M, Min Y, Zhu C, Shen H, Li W, Wang B, Wang R, Wang X, Tao S, Russell AG (2011) Emissions of PAHs from indoor crop residue burning in a typical rural stove: emission factors, size distributions, and gas–particle partitioning. Environ Sci Technol 45:1206–1212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sujit D (2008) Primary magnesium production costs for automotive applications. JOM 60:63–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun P, Taerakul P, Weavers LK, Walker HW (2005) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lime spray dryer ash. Energy Fuel 19:1911–1918

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai JH, Lin KH, Chen CY, Ding JY, Choa CG, Chiang HL (2007) Chemical constituents in particulate emissions from an integrated iron and steel facility. J Hazard Mater 147:111–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vojtisek-Lom M, Czerwinski J, Leníček J, Sekyra M, Topinka J (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in exhaust emissions from diesel engines powered by rapeseed oil methylester and heated non-esterified rapeseed oil. Atmos Environ 60:253–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang D, Xu X, Chu S, Li QX (2006) Polychlorinated naphthalenes and other chlorinated tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from combustion of polyvinylchloride. J Hazard Mater 138:273–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LC, Lin LF, Lai SO (2009) Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from fluidized and fixed bed incinerators disposing petrochemical industrial biological sludge. J Hazard Mater 168:438–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber R, Iino F, Imagawa T, Takeuchi M, Sakurai T, Sadakata M (2001) Formation of PCDF, PCDD, PCB, and PCN in de novo synthesis from PAH: mechanistic aspects and correlation to fluidized bed incinerators. Chemosphere 44:1429–1438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm J, Stieglitz L, Dinjus E, Will R (2001) Mechanistic studies on the role of PAHs and related compounds in PCDD/F formation on model fly ashes. Chemosphere 42:797–802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu S, Liu W, Tao S (2005) Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China. Environ Sci Technol 40:702–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu SS, Liu WX, Tao S (2006) Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China. Environ Sci Technol 40:702–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HH, Lee WJ, Chen SJ, Lai SO (1998) PAH emission from various industrial stacks. J Hazard Mater 60:159–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang HH, Lai SO, Hsieh LT, Hsueh HJ, Chi TW (2002) Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries. Chemosphere 48:1061–1074

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You X (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission from co-firing municipal solid waste (MSW) and coal in a fluidized bed incinerator. Waste Manag 28:1543–1551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang YX, Tao S (2008) Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from indoor straw burning and emission inventory updating in China. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1140:218–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41001329) and the special fund for the Public Service Sector of the State Environmental Protection Agency of China (Grant nos. 201009026 and 201209020) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2013M540122).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    Zhiqiang Nie, Yufei Yang, Feng Liu, Qi Wang & Qifei Huang

  2. MOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy and Environmental Systems Optimization, Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China

    Zhenwu Tang

Authors
  1. Zhiqiang Nie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yufei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhenwu Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Feng Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Qi Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qifei Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Feng Liu or Qifei Huang.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Constantini Samara

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Fig. S1

(DOCX 2,055 kb)

Fig. S2

(DOCX 76 kb)

Table S1

(DOCX 16 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nie, Z., Yang, Y., Tang, Z. et al. Estimation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 12629–12637 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3133-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3133-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation