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Optimization of struvite fertilizer formation from baker’s yeast wastewater: growth and nutrition of maize and tomato plants

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Abstract

Struvite precipitate obtained from yeast industry anaerobic effluent with high ammonium nitrogen (NH4–N) was investigated for fertilizer effect on plant growth and nutrition according to applications of N, nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium (NPK), and control. Optimum struvite formation conditions were determined via Box–Behnken design. Optimum condition was obtained at pH 9.0 and Mg/N/P molar ratio of 1.5:1:1. Under these conditions, heavy metal concentrations in the obtained struvite precipitate (except Cu) were below the detection limits. In addition to high N, P, and Mg content, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed that the struvite also included the nutritional elements Ca, K, Na, and Fe. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the complex structures of NaAl(SO4)2(H2O)12, NaMn2+Fe2(PO4)3, and (Na2,Ca)O2(Fe,Mn)O.P2O5 in the precipitate. High Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the anaerobic effluent reacted with phosphate during struvite precipitation. Different applications and struvite dosages significantly affected fresh and dry weights and nutrient element uptakes by plants (P < 0.05). N, P, and Mg uptakes of plants were significantly higher at struvite ×2, ×3, and ×4 dosages compared with NPK application. For adequate nutrition and supply of optimum dry weight, struvite ×2 dosage (5.71 g struvite/kg soil) was found appropriate for both maize and tomato plants.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer

HSD:

Honestly significant difference

R 2 :

Determination coefficient

SCOD:

Soluble chemical oxygen demand

TCOD:

Total chemical oxygen demand

TS:

Total solid

TSS:

Total suspended solid

x i :

Coded value of the ith factor

X i :

Real value of the ith factor

X 0 :

Real value of the center point

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Y :

Removed NH4–N or PO4–P percentage

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by research grants from the Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (project no. 110Y077) and Research Project Funding Unit of the Suleyman Demirel University (project no. 3283-YL1-12).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey

    Ayla Uysal, Sinan Demir & Emine Sayilgan

  2. Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, 32260, Turkey

    Figen Eraslan & Zeliha Kucukyumuk

Authors
  1. Ayla Uysal
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  2. Sinan Demir
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  3. Emine Sayilgan
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  4. Figen Eraslan
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  5. Zeliha Kucukyumuk
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Correspondence to Ayla Uysal.

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Responsible editor: Angeles Blanco

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Uysal, A., Demir, S., Sayilgan, E. et al. Optimization of struvite fertilizer formation from baker’s yeast wastewater: growth and nutrition of maize and tomato plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 3264–3274 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2285-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2285-6

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