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Adsorption of ammonium ion by coconut shell-activated carbon from aqueous solution: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies

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Abstract

Ammonium ions are one of the most encountered nitrogen species in polluted water bodies. High level of ammonium ion in aqueous solution imparts unpleasant taste and odor problems, which can interfere with the life of aquatics and human population when discharged. Many chemical methods are developed and being used for removal of ammonium ion from aqueous solution. Among various techniques, adsorption was found to be the most feasible and environmentally friendly with the use of natural-activated adsorbents. Hence, in this study, coconut shell-activated carbon (CSAC) was prepared and used for the removal of ammonium ion by adsorption techniques. Ammonium chloride (analytical grade) was purchased from Merck Chemicals for adsorption studies. The CSAC was used to adsorb ammonium ions under stirring at 100 rpm, using orbital shaker in batch experiments. The concentration of ammonium ion was estimated by ammonia distillate, using a Buchi distillation unit. The influence of process parameters such as pH, temperature, and contact time was studied for adsorption of ammonium ion, and kinetic, isotherm models were validated to understand the mechanism of adsorption of ammonium ion by CSAC. Thermodynamic properties such as ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S were determined for the ammonium adsorption, using van't Hoff equation. Further, the adsorption of ammonium ion was confirmed through instrumental analyses such as SEM, XRD, and FTIR. The optimum conditions for the effective adsorption of ammonium ion onto CSAC were found to be pH 9.0, temperature 283 K, and contact time 120 min. The experimental data was best followed by pseudosecond order equation, and the adsorption isotherm model obeyed the Freundlich isotherm. This explains the ammonium ion adsorption onto CSAC which was a multilayer adsorption with intraparticle diffusion. Negative enthalpy confirmed that this adsorption process was exothermic. The instrumental analyses confirmed the adsorption of ammonium ion onto CSAC.

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Abbreviations

CSAC:

Coconut shell-activated carbon

ppm:

Parts per million

APHA:

American Public Health Association

q e, q t :

Amount of ammonium ion adsorbed (mg/g) at equilibrium and at time‘t’

C 0, C t :

Initial ammonium concentration and ammonium concentration at time t (mg/L)

V :

Volume of solution (L)

m :

Mass of adsorbent (g)

k 1, k 2 :

Pseudofirst order and pseudosecond order rate constants (1/min and g/mg min)

k p :

Intraparticle diffusion model constant (mg/g min0.5)

t :

Time (min)

K L :

Langmuir adsorption constant (L/mg)

R L :

Dimensionless separation factor

K F :

Freundlich constant

K C :

Equilibrium constant

C A, C S :

Amount of ammonium ion adsorbed onto the adsorbent from the solution and at equilibrium

∆G :

Change in Gibbs free energy (kJ/kmol)

∆S :

Change in entropy (kJ/kmol K)

∆H :

Change in enthalpy (kJ/kmol)

R :

Gas constant (8.314 kJ/kmol K)

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India for its financial support to carry out the present investigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Technology Division, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, Tamil Nadu, India

    Ramasamy Boopathy, Sekar Karthikeyan, Asit Baran Mandal & Ganesan Sekaran

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  1. Ramasamy Boopathy
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  2. Sekar Karthikeyan
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  3. Asit Baran Mandal
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  4. Ganesan Sekaran
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Correspondence to Ganesan Sekaran.

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Responsible editor: Vinod Kumar Gupta

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Boopathy, R., Karthikeyan, S., Mandal, A.B. et al. Adsorption of ammonium ion by coconut shell-activated carbon from aqueous solution: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 533–542 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0911-3

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