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Distortion of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Displacements and Strains from Heat Waves

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Abstract

“Heat waves” is a colloquial term used to describe convective currents in air formed when different objects in an area are at different temperatures. In the context of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and other optical-based image processing techniques, imaging an object of interest through heat waves can significantly distort the apparent location and shape of the object. There are many potential heat sources in DIC experiments, including but not limited to lights, cameras, hot ovens, and sunlight, yet error caused by heat waves is often overlooked. This paper first briefly presents three practical situations in which heat waves contributed significant error to DIC measurements to motivate the investigation of heat waves in more detail. Then the theoretical background of how light is refracted through heat waves is presented, and the effects of heat waves on displacements and strains computed from DIC are characterized in detail. Finally, different filtering methods are investigated to reduce the displacement and strain errors caused by imaging through heat waves. The overarching conclusions from this work are that errors caused by heat waves are significantly higher than typical noise floors for DIC measurements, and that the errors are difficult to filter because the temporal and spatial frequencies of the errors are in the same range as those of typical signals of interest. Therefore, eliminating or mitigating the effects of heat sources in a DIC experiment is the best solution to minimizing errors caused by heat waves.

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Notes

  1. Displacement error caused by heat waves is able to be separated from displacement errors caused by mirror motion or window distortion based on characteristics of the errors associated with each error source. Mirror motion induces rigid-body displacements, not spatially-varying displacements like those caused by heat waves. A window will only cause displacement error if a sample is translated, but in this data, the sample remained stationary; additionally, distortions caused by windows would be stationary over time, whereas the errors caused by heat waves change as a function of time.

  2. The following conditions for the air were used in this approximation: wavelength of light of 532 nm, fractional humidity of 0.1, carbon dioxide content in air of 450 ppm, total air pressure of 101.325 kPa.

  3. In brief, the Multi-System feature correlates the reference images from one stereo system to the reference images of a second stereo system and, using the calibrations of each stereo system, computes the coordinate transformation that best aligns the coordinate systems from the two stereo systems.

  4. Some factors include temperature of the heat source, location of the heat source (“Location of heat source”), stand-off distance / lens focal length (“Focal length and stand-off distance”), and environmental conditions (i.e. room or outside air flow)

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge interns TDaniel Barnhouse, Taylor Spencer, Carl Stahoviak, and Hailey Stock, for their assistance in collecting and analyzing data for the multi-DIC system experiment. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA-0003525.

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  1. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    E.M.C. Jones & P.L. Reu

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  1. E.M.C. Jones
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  2. P.L. Reu
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Correspondence to E.M.C. Jones.

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Jones, E., Reu, P. Distortion of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Displacements and Strains from Heat Waves. Exp Mech 58, 1133–1156 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-017-0354-3

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