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Jumping a geographic barrier: diversification of the mangrove species Pelliciera rhizophorae (Tetrameristaceae) across the Central American Isthmus

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Abstract

The Central American Isthmus (CAI) is an important geographic barrier in the Neotropics. Its role in the diversification of marine and coastal species has been detected in fishes, turtles, sea urchins, and mangroves. We evaluated the CAI’s influence on the diversification of the most ancient neotropical mangrove species Pelliciera rhizophorae across populations from the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, based on the analysis of ten nuclear microsatellite loci and two noncoding chloroplast DNA regions. The two molecular markers showed concordant patterns of diversification in this mangrove species. Contrary to our expectations, this study did not reveal significant genetic structure among populations separated by the CAI. Two major genetic variants (cluster I and cluster II) were found on both coasts, but the two were not found intermixed in the same population. Within each coastal region, breaking of gene flow among populations was found at two points in the Pacific Basin and one point in the Caribbean Basin, separating the Colombian and Panamanian populations. Our study revealed a transisthmian connection among populations of P. rhizophorae. This result, together with the reduced genetic diversity in the Caribbean reported in our previous study, suggests the recent origin of these populations, probably due to reintroduction of P. rhizophorae from the Pacific coast. Taking into account that these introductions are random events, this study raises a new question: Why are genetic variants not intermixed within the Caribbean populations? Our hypotheses suggest the influence of environmental factors and/or anthropogenic impact on the establishment of these Caribbean patches.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Universidad del Valle (Colombia) for institutional support, to the International Foundation for Science (IFS) for financial support, grant no. D-3238, and to Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama for logistical and financial support in field and laboratory work. For collaboration in field work, we are grateful to “Molecular Biology and Ecogenetic Studies Team” (Universidad del Valle) in Colombia, Biol. O. López (STRI) in Panama, Ing. A. Bodero and Ing. AC. Ceballos in Ecuador, Lianna Mora and Biol. Albert Rojas from Organización de Estudios Tropicales (OTS) in Costa Rica.

Data archiving statement

All chloroplast haplotypes reported in this study have been deposited at Genbank:

psbJ-petA GenBank accession numbers: HM461568, HM461569, HM461570

psbD-trnT GenBank accession numbers: HM461571, HM461572, HM461573, HM461574

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama

    María Fernanda Castillo-Cárdenas & Oris Sanjur

  2. Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Edificio 320, Apartado 25360, Cali, Colombia

    Fernando Díaz-Gonzales & Nelson Toro-Perea

  3. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2075 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331-2902, USA

    Ivania Cerón-Souza

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  1. María Fernanda Castillo-Cárdenas
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  2. Fernando Díaz-Gonzales
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  3. Ivania Cerón-Souza
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  4. Oris Sanjur
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  5. Nelson Toro-Perea
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Correspondence to María Fernanda Castillo-Cárdenas.

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Communicated by Y. Tsumura

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ESM 1

Population structure of P. rhizophorae obtained by STRUCTURE from microsatellite data. True number of clusters (K) calculated by Bayesian algorithm (500,000 replicates of MCMC after a burn-in of 50,000). The likelihood of K was analyzed from K = 1 to K = 5 using 20 runs for each K value. (PDF 55 kb)

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Castillo-Cárdenas, M.F., Díaz-Gonzales, F., Cerón-Souza, I. et al. Jumping a geographic barrier: diversification of the mangrove species Pelliciera rhizophorae (Tetrameristaceae) across the Central American Isthmus. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 822 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0822-1

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