Abstract
It is believed that the exposure of organisms to harsh climate conditions may select for differential enzymatic activities, making the surviving organisms a very promising source for bioprospecting. Soil bacteria play an important role in degradation of organic matter, which is mostly due to their ability to decompose cellulose-based materials. This work focuses on the isolation and identification of cellulolytic bacteria from soil found in two environments with stressful climate conditions (Antarctica and the Brazilian semi-arid caatinga). Cellulolytic bacteria were selected using enrichments at high and low temperatures (4 or 60°C) in liquid media (trypic soy broth—TSB and minimum salt medium—MM) supplemented with cellulose (1%). Many of the isolates (119 out of 254—46.9%) displayed the ability to degrade carboxymethyl-cellulose, indicating the presence of endoglucolytic activity, while only a minority of these isolates (23 out of 254—9.1%) showed exoglucolytic activity (degradation of avicel). The obtained isolates revealed a preferential endoglucolytic activity according to the temperature of enrichments. Also, the identification of some isolates by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the Bacteroidetes (e.g., Pedobacter, Chryseobacterium and Flavobacterium) were the main phylum of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from soil in Antarctica; the Firmicutes (e.g., Bacillus) were more commonly isolated from samples from the caatinga; and Actinobacteria were found in both types of soil (e.g., Microbacterium and Arthrobacter). In conclusion, this work reports the isolation of bacteria able to degrade cellulose-based material from soil at very low or very high temperatures, a finding that should be further explored in the search for cellulolytic enzymes to be used in the bioenergy industry.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aislabiea JM, Jordan SB, Barker GM (2008) Relation between soil classification and bacterial diversity in soils of the Ross Sea region. Antarctica Geoderma 144:9–20
Barnard D, Casanueva A, Tuffin M, Cowan D (2010) Extremophiles in biofuel synthesis. Environ Technol 31:871–888
Beyer L (2000) Properties, formation and geo-ecological, significance of organic soils in the coastal region of east Antarctica. Catena 39:79–93
Beyer L, White DM, Bolter M (2001) Soil organic matter composition, transformation, and microbial colonisation of Gelic Podzols in the coastal region of East Antarctica. Austr J Soil Res 39:543–563
Bhat MK (2000) Cellulase and related enzymes in biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 18:355–383
Bisaria VS, Ghose TK (1981) Biodegration of cellulosic materials: substrates, microrganisms, enzymes and products. Enzy and Micr Technol 3:90–104
Blumer-Schuette SE, Kateava I, Westpheling J, Adams MWW, Kelly RM (2008) Extremely thermophilic microrganisms for biomass conversion: status and prospects. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:210–217
Booth IR, Cash P, O`Bryne C (2002) Sensing and adapting to acid stress. Ant van Leu 81:33–42
Chandrasekaran A, Bharadwaj R, Park JI, Sapra R, Adams PD, Singh AK (2010) A microscale platform for integrated cell-free expression and activity screening of cellulases. J Prot Res 9:5677–5683
Clarke A (2003) Evolution, adaptation and diversity: global ecology in an Antartic context. Antar Biol in a Glo Context 3–17
D’ Amico S, Collins T, Marx JC, Feller G, Gerday C (2006) Psychrophilic microorganisms: challenges for life. Embo Rep 7:385–389
Duan CJ, Feng JX (2010) Mining metagenomes for novel cellulase genes. Biotechnol Lett 32:1765–1775
Ferrer M, Golyshina O, Beloqui A, Golyshina PN (2007) Mining enzymes from extreme environments. Curr Opin in Microbiol 10:207–214
Gorlach-Lira K, Coutinho HDM (2007) Population dynamics and extracellular enzymes activity of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria isolated from semi-arid soil of northeastern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 38:135–141
Hendricks CW, Doyle JD, Hugley B (1995) A new solid medium for enumerating cellulose utilizing bacteria in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2016–2019
Hesami S, Allen KJ, Metcalf D, Ostland VE, Macnnes JI, Lumsdem JS (2008) Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolates from Ontario salmonids with bacterial coldwater disease. Cana J Microbiol 54:619–629
Hough DW, Danson MJ (1999) Extremozymes. Curr Opin Chem Bio 3:39–46
Kasana RC, Salwan R, Dhar H, Dutt S, Gulati A (2008) Arapid and easy method for the detection of microbial cellulases on agar plates using gram’s iodine. Curr Microbiol 57:503–507
Lane DJ, Pace B, Olsen GJ, Stahl DA, Sogin ML, Pace NR (1985) Rapid-determination of 16S ribosomal-RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 82:6955–6959
Leschine S (1995) Cellulose degradation in anaerobic environments. Ann Rev of Microbiol 49:399–426
Lin H, Li W, Guo C, Qu S, Ren N (2011) Advances in the study of directed evolution for cellulases. Front Environ Sci Eng 5:519–525
Margesin R, Feller G (2010) Biotechnol Appl psychrophiles Environ Technol 31:835–844
Martinez-Sáchez JL (2005) Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in a neo tropical rain forest of a nutrient-rich soil. Rev Bio Trop 53:193–206
Morais S, Heyman A, Barak Y, Caspi J, Wilson DB, Lamed R, Shoseyov O, Bayer EA (2010) Enhanced cellulose degradation by nano-complexed enzymes: synergism between a scaffold-linked exoglucanase and a free endoglunase. J Biotechnol 147:205–211
Nicolaus B, Kambourova M, Oner ET (2010) Exopolysaccharides from extremophiles: from fundamentals to biotechnology. Environ Technol 31:1145–1158
Niederberger TD, Mcdonald IR, Hacker AL, Soo RM, Barret JE, Wall DH, Cary SC (2008) Microbial community composition in soils of Northern Victoria Land. Antar Environ Microbiol 10:1713–1724
Niehaus F, Betoldo C, Kahler M, Antranikian G (1999) Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51:711–729
Peng G, Zhu W, Wang H, Lu Y, Wang X, Zheng D, Cui Z (2010) Functional characteristics and diversity of a novel lignocelluloses degrading composite microbial system with high xylanase activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 20:254–264
Poli A, Anzelmo G, Nicolaus B (2010) Bacterial exopolysaccharides from extreme marine habitats: production, characterization and biological activities. Mar Drugs 8:1779–1802
Rademaker JLW, Louws FJ and De Bruijn FJ (1997) Characterization of the diversity of ecologically impornant microbes by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting. In: Akkermans ADL, Van Elsas JD and De Bruijn JD. Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Supplement 3, chapter 3.4.3, pp. 1–26
Rastogi G, Muppidi GL, Gurram RN, Adhikari A, Bischoff KM, Hughes SR, Apel WA, Bang SS, Dixon DJ, Sani RK (2009) Isolation and characterization of cellulose bacteria from the deep subsurface of the Homestake gold mine, Lead, South Dakota, USA. J Indus Microbiol Biotechnol 36:585–598
Rastogi G, Bhalla A, Adhikari A, Bischoff KM, Hughes SR, Christopher LP, Sani RK (2010) Characterization of thermostable cellulases produced by Bacillus and Geobacillus strains. Bioresour Technol 101:8798–8806
Sinegani AAS, Mahohi A (2010) Soil water potential effects on the cellulase activities of soil treated with sewage sludge. Plant Soil Environ 56:333–339
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software versión 4.0. Mol Biol Evolu 24:1596–1599
Teather RM, Wood PJ (1982) Use of Congo red-polissaccahride interactions in enumeration and characterization on cellulolytic bacteria from the bovine rumen. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:777–780
Tengerdy RP, Szakacs G (2003) Bioconversion of lignocellulose in solid substrate fermentation. Biochem Eng J 13:169–179
Tindall BJ (2004) Prokaryotic diversity in the Antarctic: the tip of the iceberg. Microb Ecol 47:271–283
Van Den Burg B (2003) Extremophiles as a source for novel enzymes. Curr Opin Microbiol 6:213–218
Wang G, Wang Y, Yang P, Luo H, Huang H, Shi P, Meng K, Yao B (2010) Molecular detection and diversity of xylanase genes in alpine tundra soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1383–1393
Wilson DB (2009) Cellulases and biofuels. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:295–299
Wilson ZE, Brimble MA (2009) Molecules derived from the extremes of life. Nat Prod Rep 26:1–14
Yu Y, Li H, Zeng Y, Chen B (2009) Extracellular enzymes of cold-adapted bacteria from Arctic sea ice, Canada basin. Polar Biol 32:1539–1547
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Embrapa. We also thank Dr. Vivian H. Pellizari for the soil samples from Antarctica and the Brazilian Marine corps for support during the Antarctica expeditions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Soares, F.L., Melo, I.S., Dias, A.C.F. et al. Cellulolytic bacteria from soils in harsh environments. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28, 2195–2203 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1025-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1025-2