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Potentially Toxic Elements in Water, Soil, and Plants from an Agroecosystem with Hydrothermal Mud Pools

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Abstract

Mud pools are chemically similar to volcanism and are considered a pollution risk to ecosystems. The mud pools of Los Negritos, Michoacán, Mexico, additionally present untreated semi-urban wastewater discharges, livestock, and agricultural activities. This study aimed to identify sources, interaction, accumulation, spatial distribution, and mobilization of potentially toxic elements in water, soil, and plants of this site. The water is mainly alkaline (pH 7–8.45) with positive Eh values and T in the 17 to 63 °C range. The hydrothermal mud pools are the primary source of As found in water (1506 mg L−1), soil (153 mg kg−1), Agrostis sp. (108 mg kg−1), and Zea mays (115 mg kg−1). The potentially toxic elements seem immobilized in soil; even so, they are susceptible to being released when environmental conditions change, which represents a possible threat to the health of consumers by ingestion and bioaccumulation of As from water and corn.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the Federal Commission of Electricity, Management of Geothermal Studies, for suggesting this geothermal exploration zone before any pre-feasibility studies.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the Secretaría de Energía—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Fund 207032 (years 2014–2018), “Fondo de Sustentabilidad Energética,” for providing financial support to P25 of CeMIE-Geo (Mexican Center of Innovation in Geothermal Energy).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geology Department, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, C. P., Mexico

    González-Acevedo Zayre I.

  2. Applied Physics Division, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, C. P., Mexico

    García-Zarate Marco A.

  3. Postgraduate Program On Earth Sciences/Environmental Geosciences, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, C. P., Mexico

    Rosas-Verdugo Eliana

Authors
  1. González-Acevedo Zayre I.
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  2. García-Zarate Marco A.
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  3. Rosas-Verdugo Eliana
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the research presented in this manuscript. ER-V performed the sampling, sample preparation, and analysis. Material preparation, data analysis, and manuscript writing were performed by ZIG-A and MAG-Z. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to González-Acevedo Zayre I..

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I., GA.Z., A., GZ.M. & Eliana, RV. Potentially Toxic Elements in Water, Soil, and Plants from an Agroecosystem with Hydrothermal Mud Pools. Water Air Soil Pollut 235, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06791-x

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