Abstract
Fog has been investigated for its severe environmental effects, but rain, mist, and haze are also meteorological phenomena interrelated with fog. Their correlation and characteristics in a coastal urban site (Yokohama) and in a mountain site (Mt. Oyama) were investigated in this study. The days of mist and haze as well as fog in Yokohama decreased in the last couple of decades for the improvement of air pollution and the warming effect. The fog frequency in Mt. Oyama was much larger than that in Yokohama and did not show the decreasing trend. Fogwater was collected by an active fog collector (AFC) and passive fog collectors (PFCs) in Mt. Oyama. AFC collected fog droplets, but PFC collected not only fogwater but also minute rain droplets, drizzle as the typical case. Therefore, the samples collected by a PFC had lower total ion concentration (TIC) and often higher pH than those collected by an AFC, although they had much higher TIC than those of rain. The precipitation of throughfall in a high altitude is much larger than that of rainfall. The composition and the concentration of the throughfall were similar to those of PFC samples and reflected by drizzle as well as fog with the increasing altitude in Mt. Oyama. Drizzle is susceptible to evaporate during its precipitation from cloud to land surface, but the drizzle before evaporation is an important pathway of the deposition of water and air pollutants on high-mountain canopies.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge Afuri Shrine and Isehara City for offering sampling sites, and the members of our research group for their cooperation in the sample collection and the analysis.
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This study received grant from Kanagawa University.
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Igawa, M., Wang, Y. Characteristics of Fog and Drizzle in Yokohama and in Mt. Oyama, Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 533 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-06012-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-06012-x