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“When Bain Town Woman Catch A Fire, Even the Devil Run.”: The Bahamian Suffrage Movement as National and Cultural Development

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Abstract

Social movements provide a vital lens for assessing visions of the public good. Social movement (SM) theory explains the motives and structures of movement activity. Emerging in the 1960s, theories that remain relevant to this day include resource mobilization theory, framing, and political opportunity. Despite the prominence of these theories, several critiques of SM theory have emerged. Newer theories such as cognitive liberation and collective identity extend the scope of SM analysis and also focus on internal aspects of movement activity. Latin America, as one of the new sites of analysis, has received much attention from a wide range of SM theories. Yet, the Caribbean, in particular, the Anglophone Caribbean has received little attention. This paper will place both original and newer theories within the context of the Anglophone Caribbean. Specifically, SM theory will be applied to the Bahamian women’s suffrage movement of 1948–1967. The paper will also explain the historical roots of Bahamian culture as a way to explain movement activity and development.

Résumé

Les mouvements sociaux offrent un angle vital pour évaluer les visions du bien public. La théorie des mouvements sociaux explique les motifs et les structures de l’activité des mouvements. Apparaissant dans les années 1960, les théories qui conservent leur pertinence à ce jour incluent : la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources, l’encadrement et l’opportunité politique. Malgré l’importance de ces théories, plusieurs critiques de la théorie des mouvements sociaux ont vu le jour. Des théories plus récentes comme la libération cognitive et l’identité collective élargissent le champ d’analyse des mouvements sociaux et mettent l’accent sur les aspects internes de l’activité des mouvements. L’Amérique latine, comme l’un des nouveaux sites d’analyse, a fait l’objet de beaucoup d’attention parmi les multiples théories des mouvements sociaux. Pourtant, les Caraïbes, et en particulier les Caraïbes anglophones, ont peu retenu l’attention. Cet article place les théories originales et nouvelles dans le contexte des Caraïbes anglophones. Plus précisément, la théorie des mouvements sociaux s’appliquera au mouvement des suffragettes bahamiennes de 1948 à 1967. L’article expliquera également les racines historiques de la culture des Bahamas comme un moyen pour expliquer le développement et l’activité du mouvement.

Zusammenfassung

Soziale Bewegungen bieten eine wichtige Perspektive, mittels derer sich die Vorstellungen über das Allgemeinwohl einschätzen lassen. Die Theorie sozialer Bewegungen erklärt die Motive und Strukturen der Bewegungsaktivität. Zu den Theorien, die in den sechziger Jahren entwickelt wurden und auch heute noch relevant sind, gehören die Ressourcenmobilisierungstheorie, das Framing und die politische Opportunität. Trotz dieser vorherrschenden Theorien gibt es inzwischen auch vermehrt Kritik an der Theorie sozialer Bewegungen. Neuere Theorien, wie die kognitive Befreiung und kollektive Identität, erweitern den Umfang der Analyse der sozialen Bewegung und konzentrieren sich zudem auf interne Aspekte der Bewegungsaktivität. Zahlreiche Theorien sozialer Bewegungen haben sich innig mit Lateinamerika als einem der neuen analysierten Orte beschäftigt. Der Karibik hingegen, insbesondere den englischsprachigen karibischen Inseln, ist bislang nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt worden. Dieser Beitrag wendet sowohl ursprüngliche als auch jüngere Theorien auf den Kontext der englischsprachigen Karibik an. Die Theorie sozialer Bewegungen wird insbesondere auf die bahamaische Frauenwahlrechtsbewegung von 1948-1967 angewandt. Der Beitrag erläutert darüber hinaus die historischen Wurzeln der bahamaischen Kultur, um die Bewegungsaktivität und -entwicklung zu erklären.

Resumen

Los movimientos sociales proporcionan un prisma vital para evaluar las visiones del bien público. La teoría del movimiento social (Social movement, “SM”) explica los motivos y estructuras de la actividad de los movimientos. Surgidas en los años 1960, las teorías que siguen siendo relevantes hasta la fecha incluyen: la teoría de la movilización de recursos, el enmarcamiento y la oportunidad política. A pesar de la prominencia de estas teorías, han surgido diversas críticas de la teoría SM. Teorías más novedosas, tales como la liberación cognitiva y la identidad colectiva amplían el alcance del análisis SM y también se centran en los aspectos internacionales de la actividad de los movimientos. Latinoamérica, como uno de los nuevos emplazamientos de análisis, ha recibido mucha atención por parte de una amplia gama de teorías del movimiento social. Sin embargo, el Caribe, en particular, el Caribe anglófono ha recibido poca atención. El presente documento situará tanto las teorías originales como las más novedosas dentro del contexto del Caribe anglófono. Específicamente, se aplicará la teoría del movimiento social al movimiento sufragista de mujeres de las Bahamas de 1948-1967. El documento explicará también las raíces históricas de la cultura de las Bahamas como una forma de explicar la actividad y el desarrollo del movimiento.

摘要

对于有关公共利益的看法,社会运动为评估这些看法提供了一枚棱镜,社会运动(SM)理论对社会运动活动的结构和动机进行解释,20世纪60年代出现的、而且如今依然具有关联性的社会运动理论包括资源动员论、框架论和政治机会论。这些理论虽然很出名,但还是有一些批评社会运动理论的文章。 认知解放论和集体身份论等更新的理论扩展了社会运动分析的范围,而且把焦点放在运动活动内部的各个方面。 作为其中一个新的分析地点,拉丁美洲受到了范围广泛的社会运动理论的很大关注,但加勒比海,尤其是以英语为母语的加勒比地区受到的关注很少。 本文将新旧理论都放在以英语为母语的加勒比地区的环境中, 将社会运动理论具体于1948-1967年女性的投票权运动。 作为解释社会活动和发展的方法, 本文也将对巴哈马文化的历史根源进行解释。

ملخص

تقدم الحركات الإجتماعية عدسة عين حيوية لتقييم رؤى الصالح العام. تشرح نظرية الحركة الاجتماعية (SM) دوافع وهياكل نشاط الحركة. النظريات الناشئة في 1960، التي تظل وثيقة الصلة لهذا اليوم تشمل: نظرية تعبئة الموارد، ، وضع إطار ، والفرص السياسية. على الرغم من أهمية هذه النظريات، ظهرت العديد من الانتقادات لنظرية الحركة الإجتماعية (SM). النظريات الأحدث، مثل التحرير المعرفي والهوية الجماعية توسع نطاق تحليل الحركة الإجتماعية (SM) وتركز أيضا” على الجوانب الداخلية لنشاط الحركة. أمريكا اللاتينية، كواحدة من مواقع جديدة للتحليل، تلقت الكثير من الاهتمام من مجموعة واسعة من نظريات الحركة الإجتماعية. فوق ذلك، منطقة البحر الكاريبي، على وجه الخصوص، تلقت الناطقة باللغة الإنجليزية الكاريبي القليل من الاهتمام.. وضع هذا البحث نظريات أصلية وحديثة سواء داخل سياق منطقة البحر الكاريبي الناطقة باللغة الإنجليزية على وجه التحديد، سيتم تطبيق نظرية الحركة الإجتماعية لحركة حق إنتخاب نساء جزر البهاما من 1948-1967. سوف يشرح البحث أيضا” الجذور التاريخية لثقافة جزر البهاما بإعتبارها وسيلة لشرح نشاط الحركة والتنمية.

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Williams-Pulfer, K. “When Bain Town Woman Catch A Fire, Even the Devil Run.”: The Bahamian Suffrage Movement as National and Cultural Development. Voluntas 27, 1472–1493 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9630-y

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