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Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California

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Abstract

Over the past 20 years, the US Federal Government has been considered to be intransigent in its response to climate change by many commentators and not-for-profit environmental advocacy organizations (nonprofits). An enduring source of pressure on the US Government has been nonprofit campaigns operating at both a state and federal level. Six US environmental nonprofits representing a diversity of resources and prominence were selected for an in-depth examination of their climate-focused campaigns. Given the resistance at the federal level, these nonprofits have undertaken state-focused campaigns to achieve adequate climate policy development. This research examined some climate campaigns in California by the selected nonprofits that have supported, enhanced, and influenced the Californian Government’s efforts to address climate change. The campaigns have gained leverage from existing state competition for economic advancement and political leadership on issues of public concern. In addition, they appear to have benefited from a high level of environmental awareness in the community, a history of progressive environmental legislation, Governor Schwarzenegger’s use of climate change to differentiate his political leadership, and strong public trust of nonprofits. Recent climate-related political pledges and legislative changes at a federal level are convergent with the nonprofit-influenced, state-level developments.

Résumé

Durant les 20 dernières années, le Gouvernement Fédéral des Etats Unis a été considéré comme étant intransigeant dans sa position sur la question du changement de climat par de nombreux commentateurs et par les organisations à but non lucratif défendant la cause environnementale. Les campagnes à but non lucratif ont été une source de pression permanente sur le Gouvernement des Etats Unis à la fois au niveau état et au niveau fédéral. Six organisations environnementales à but non lucratif présentant une diversité de ressources et de dispositions ont été sélectionnées pour un examen en profondeur de leurs campagnes centrées sur le climat. S’opposant à un niveau fédéral, ces organisations à but non lucratif ont entrepris des campagnes ciblées sur l’état pour atteindre le développement adéquat de la politique sur le climat. Cette recherche a examiné quelques campagnes sur le climat en Californie par les organisation à but non lucratif sélectionnées qui ont supporté, mis en valeur, et influencer les efforts du Gouvernement Californien pour parler du changement de climat. Les campagnes ont gagné de l’influence du fait de la compétition existante entre l’état pour l’avancée économique et le leadership politique sur les problèmes d’intérêt public. De plus elles apparaissent avoir tiré profit d’un haut niveau de conscience environnementale dans la communauté, un passé de législation environnementale progressive, l’utilisation du changement de climat par le Gouverneur Schwartzenegger pour différencier son leadership politique, et la forte confiance du public envers les organisations à but non lucratif. De récents vœux politiques ayant trait au climat et aux changements législatifs au niveau fédéral convergent avec les développements au niveau état influencés par les organisations à but non lucratif.

Zusammenfassung

Über die letzten 20 Jahre hinweg galt die US-Bundesregierung vielen Kommentatoren und gemeinnützigen Umweltschutzorganisationen (Nonprofits) in ihrer Antwort zum Klimawandel als kompromisslos. Kampagnen von Nonprofits auf staatlicher und Bundesebene sind eine tiefe Quelle für Druck auf die US-Regierung. Sechs US-amerikanische Umwelt-Nonprofits, die vielfältige Ressourcen und Prominenz darstellen, wurden für eine eingehende Untersuchung ihrer auf Klimawandel konzentrierten Kampagnen ausgewählt. Angesichts des Widerstandes auf Bundesebene haben diese Nonprofits Kampagnen durchgeführt, die auf eine adäquate Entwicklung der Klimapolitik auf Staatsebene zielen. Diese Forschungsarbeit untersucht einige Klimakampagnen der ausgewählten Nonprofits in Kalifornien, die die Anstrengungen der kalifornischen Regierung, Klimawandel anzusprechen, unterstützt, gestärkt and beeinflusst haben. Die Kampagnen haben den bestehenden Wettbewerb um ökonomischen Fortschritt and politische Führung auf Staatsebene bezüglich Probleme von öffentlichem Interesse ausgenutzt. Zusätzlich scheinen sie auch von einem hohen Niveau von Umweltbewusstsein in der Kommune, einer Geschichte fortschrittlichen Umweltrechts, Governor Schwarzeneggers Nutzung des Klimawandels zur Differenzierung seiner politischen Führungskraft und einem starken Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in Nonprofits profitiert zu haben. Kürzliche erfolgte klimabezogene politische Zusagen und legislative Änderungen auf Bundesebene konvergieren mit Entwicklungen auf Staatsebene, die von Nonprofits beeinflusst wurden.

Resumen

En los últimos 20 años, muchos comentaristas y organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro defensoras del medioambiente han considerado al gobierno federal de los EE.UU. intransigente en su respuesta al cambio climático. Una fuente de presión que ha pesado bastante sobre el gobierno estadounidense han sido las campañas sin ánimo de lucro que operan tanto a nivel estatal como federal. Para analizar a fondo sus campañas climáticas, se seleccionaron seis ONG medioambientales estadounidenses que representan una diversidad de recursos e importancia. Dada la resistencia federal, estas ONG han emprendido campañas centradas en el estado para lograr un desarrollo adecuado de sus políticas climáticas. Este estudio analizó algunas campañas climáticas de California realizadas por ONG seleccionadas que han apoyado, potenciado e influido en los esfuerzos del gobierno de California para solucionar el problema del cambio climático. Las campañas han ganado peso gracias a la competencia existente entre los estados por lograr avances económicos y liderazgo político sobre cuestiones de interés público. Además, parecen haberse beneficiado del alto nivel de conciencia medioambiental de la comunidad, una tradición legislativa progresista desde el punto de vista medioambiental, el uso que hace el gobernador Schwarzenegger del cambio climático para diferenciar su liderazgo político y la gran confianza pública en las ONG. Las recientes peticiones políticas relacionadas con el clima y los cambios legislativos federales convergen con los avances estatales influidos por las ONG.

摘要

在过去的 20 年中,众多评论者和非营利性环保组织一致认为,美国联邦政府在气候变化问题上态度僵硬。在联邦和州政府层面开展的非营利性活动向美国政府施加了持续不断的压力。本文选择了美国六个非营利环保组织作为各类相关机构和组织的代表,深入研究了他们以气候问题为关注重点所开展的各类活动。鉴于在联邦层面遇到的阻力,这些非营利组织已经实施了以州政府为重点的活动,以大力推动气候政策的制定。本项研究探讨部分非营利组织在加利福尼亚州开展的与气候有关的活动,这些计划支持、推动、并最终影响了加州政府采取措施应对气候变化问题。目前,各州都在竞相促进经济发展,并致力于在公共关心的问题方面取得政治主导权,因此这些活动已经取得了一定的影响力。此外,整个社会的环境意识得到提升、环境法规不断进步、加州政府通过气候变化巩固其政治领导地位,以及公众对于非营利组织具有更强的信任,这些事实都让他们从中受益匪浅。最近在联邦层面发生的与气候相关的政治承诺与法规变革,与国家层面受非营利性组织影响取得的发展不谋而合。

ملخص

على مدى السنوات ال 20 الماضية ، تم إعتبارحكومة الولايات المتحدة الإتحادية متصلبة في الإستجابة لتغير المناخ من قبل العديد من المعلقين والمنظمات غير هادفة للربح البيئية (الغير ربحية). مصدر مستقر للضغط على حكومة الولايات المتحدة نظم حملات غير ربحية تعمل في كل من المستوى الدولي و الفيدرالي. ستة من منظمات البيئة الغير ربحية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية التي تمثل موارد متنوعة و بارزة تم إختيارها لدراسة متعمقة لحملاتهم التي ركزت على المناخ. نظرًا للمقاومة على المستوى الاتحادي ، فإن هذه المنظمات غير الربحية التي تعهدت بها الدولة ركزت الحملات على تحقيق تطوير سياسة مناخ مناسب. هذا البحث قام بدراسة بعض حملات المناخ في ولاية كاليفورنيا عن طريق تحديد المنظمات غير الربحية التي دعمت، عززت، وأثرت في جهود حكومة ولاية كاليفورنيا للتصدي لتغير المناخ. إكتسبت الحملات قوة من منافسة الدولة القائمة للنهوض الإقتصادي والقيادة السياسية حول القضايا ذات الاهتمام العام. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يبدو إنهم قد استفادوا من إ رتفاع مستوى الوعي البيئي في المجتمع، تاريخ التشريعات البيئية التقدمية، إستخدام الحاكم شوارزنيجر تغير المناخ لتفريق قيادته السياسية، وثقة الجمهور القوية بالمنظمات غير الربحية. التعهدات السياسية الأخيرة المتعلقة بالمناخ والتغييرات التشريعية على المستوى الإتحادي هي متقاربة مع تأثير المنظمات غير الربحية، التطورات على مستوى الدولة.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Macquarie University’s Graduate School of the Environment for their support, the interview participants for their involvement, and Dr. Lloyd Cox, Macquarie University, Professor Russell Lansbury, University of Sydney, and anonymous referees for their helpful comments on early drafts.

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  1. Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia

    Nina L. Hall

  2. Faculty of Business, Technology and Sustainable Development, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4229, Australia

    Ros Taplin

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Hall, N.L., Taplin, R. Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California. Voluntas 21, 62–81 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-009-9104-1

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