Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Institutional Innovation in Philanthropy: Community Foundations in the UK

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the United Kingdom, there has been a resurgence of interest in philanthropy amongst the media, policymakers, and scholars alike. In this context, the analysis of new and innovative forms of philanthropy is paramount. This paper focuses on an innovation in the philanthropic form: the community foundation. The success of community foundations in the United States provided the impetus for the establishment of community foundations in the UK in the 1980s. This paper examines how the community foundation form has been adapted to the UK and the factors which have influenced the development and roles of British community foundations. It is argued that this study is both timely and important for three reasons. First, the analysis of new structures through which people give furthers our understanding of Britain’s culture of giving. Second, the paper examines the role of community-based philanthropy in the civil renewal of Britain’s communities. Finally, the study makes an important contribution to efforts to promote the community foundation form worldwide as it highlights the challenges of transferring philanthropic forms from one context to another.

Résumé

Il y a eu, au Royaume-Uni, un regain d’intérêt pour la philanthropie à la fois de la part des médias, des décideurs et des chercheurs. Dans ce contexte, l’analyse de formes nouvelles et innovatrices de philanthropie est d’une importance capitale. Cet article se concentre sur une innovation d’ordre philanthropique : les fondations publiques. Le succès de ces fondations aux États-Unis a fourni l’impulsion pour leur création au sein du Royaume-Uni dans les années 80. Cet article examine comment les fondations publiques ont été adaptées au Royaume-Uni, et les facteurs qui ont influencé leur développement et leur rôle. Le débat suscité par cette étude est à fois opportun et important pour trois raisons. Tout d’abord, l’analyse de nouvelles structures par le biais du public, nous permettent de mieux comprendre la culture des dons britanniques. Ensuite, l’examen du rôle de la philanthropie publique dans le cadre du renouveau civil des communautés britanniques. Enfin, l’étude offre une importante contribution aux efforts de promotion des fondations publiques à l’échelle du monde entier, car elles mettent l’accent sur les défis de transfert de formes philanthropiques d’un contexte à un autre.

Zusammenfassung

In Großbritannien ist unter den Medien, politischen Entscheidungsträgern und Gelehrten das Interesse an der Philantrophie neu entfacht. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Analyse neuer und innovativer Formen der Philantrophie von höchster Bedeutung. Diese Studie konzentriert sich auf eine Innovation in philantrophischer Form: die Bürgerstiftung. Der Erfolg von Bürgerstiftungen in den USA gab in den achtziger Jahren den Anstoß zur Gründung von Bürgerstiftungen in Großbritannien. Die Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Form der Bürgerstiftung Großbritanniens Ansprüchen angepasst wurde, und betrachtet die Faktoren, die Einfluss auf die Entwicklung und Rolle britischer Bürgerstiftungen genommen haben. Die Studie wird aus drei Gründen für zeitgerecht und bedeutend gehalten. Erstens trägt die Untersuchung neuer Strukturen, durch die Menschen spenden, zu unserem Verständnis der britischen Spendenkultur bei. Zweitens wird die Rolle der gemeindebasierten Philantrophie in der bürgerlichen Erneuerung britischer Gemeinden untersucht. Und drittens leistet die Studie einen bedeutenden Beitrag zu den Bemühungen, die Form der Bürgerstiftung weltweit zu fördern, indem sie die Schwierigkeiten bei der Übertragung philantrophischer Formen von einem Kontext in einen anderen hervorhebt.

Resumen

En el Reino Unido ha renacido el interés en la filantropía entre los medios, los políticos y los académicos. Por ello, es primordial analizar las nuevas formas innovadoras de filantropía. Este trabajo trata de una innovación con forma filantrópica: la fundación comunitaria. El éxito de las fundaciones comunitarias en los Estados Unidos prendió la mecha para el establecimiento de las fundaciones comunitarias en el Reino Unido en la década de los 80. En este trabajo se estudia cómo se ha adaptado esta fundación al Reino Unido y los factores que han influido en el desarrollo y las funciones de las fundaciones comunitarias británicas. Se afirma que este estudio es oportuno e importante por tres razones: primero, porque el análisis de las estructuras nuevas a través de las cuales las personas dan, nos permite comprender mejor la cultura de la caridad de Gran Bretaña. Segundo, porque el trabajo estudia la importancia que ha tenido la “filantropía basada en la comunidad” para la renovación civil de las comunidades británicas. Y por último, porque el estudio hace una importante contribución a los intentos de fomentar la fundación comunitaria en todo el mundo, ya que hace hincapié en las dificultades de transferir las formas filantrópicas de un contexto a otro.

摘要

英国的媒体、决策者和学者群体对慈善事业的兴趣正在复苏。在此背景下,分析慈善事业的创新形式就变得非常重要。本文重点关注了慈善事业的创新形式: 社会基础。美国成功的社会基础为英国在20世纪80年代建立社会基础提供了动力。本文探讨了英国是如何适应社会基础的形式以及影响英国社会基础发展和角色的因素。有人认为这项研究是及时和重要,原因有三: 第一,新结构的分析进一步加强我们对于英国奉献文化的理解; 第二,本文研究了基于社会的慈善事业对于英国社会重建的作用; 最后,本研究对在世界范围促进慈善事业的社会基础形式做出了重要贡献,对慈善形式的背景转换提出了挑战。

ملخص

في المملكه المتحده ٬ ظهر مجدداً الإهتمام بالأعمال الإنسانيه بين وسائل الإعلام٬ صناع النهج السياسي ٬ العلماء على حد سواء . في هذا السياق ٬ يعتبرتحليل أشكال جديده و مبتكره للعمل الإنساني فائق الأهميه . و يركز هذا البحث على الإبتكار في شكل الأعمال الإنسانيه : مؤسسه المجتمع . نجاح مؤسسه المجتمع في الولايات المتحده الأمريكيه وفر الحافز من أجل إقامه مؤسسات المجتمع في المملكه المتحده في 1980. هذا البحث يختبر كيف أن شكل مؤسسه المجتمع تم تأقلمه مع المملكه المتحده والعوامل التي أثرت على تنميه و دور مؤسسات المجتمع البريطاني .هناك جدال أن هذه الدراسه أتت في الوقت المناسب و مهمه لأسباب ثلاثه :

أولاً ٬ تحليل هياكل جديدة من خلالها يعطي الشعب ما يعزز فهمنا لثقافة بريطانيا للعطاء . ثانياً ٬ هذا البحث يختبر دور الأعمال الإنسانيه القائم على المجتمع في التجديد في المجالات المدنيه في المجتمعات البريطانيه .أخيراً٬ وتقدم الدراسه مساهمه هامة فى الجهود الراميه الى تعزيز شكل مؤسسة المجتمع في جميع أنحاء العالم كما تسلط الضوء على تحديات نقل العمل الإنساني من حاله الى أخرى .

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. This was the first time that community foundations had been established outside North America. The first community foundation in Canada was established in 1921.

  2. The Civil Renewal agenda has three main facets: the promotion of active citizenship; the strengthening of communities; and the cultivation of the role of the voluntary and community sector in the delivery of public services in partnership with the government (Jochum et al. 2005). Local government is key to this agenda and the modernization of local government has been shaped by an emphasis on: improving the performance of services; the role of the local authority in providing leadership in the community; and democratic renewal, which seeks to encourage greater citizen engagement in decisions which affect their daily lives (Stoker 2004).

  3. For a seminal account of the development of community work in the UK and, in particular, of the different theoretical perspectives which have come to inform what is meant by “community work,” see Popple (1995).

  4. These include the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust (JRCT), the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF), and the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust (the operational arm of JRF). The Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust does not have charitable status. (See Leat 2005, pp. 20–25.)

  5. www.communityfoundations.org.uk

  6. Some community foundations have, however, also commissioned or carried out their own evaluations of grant programmes (including statutory programmes like LNF), for example; for a brief overview, see Thomson and Caulier-Grice (2007, pp. 61–65).

  7. This section draws upon the framework for analyzing policy transfer developed by Dolowitz and Marsh (2000).

References

  • Alcock, P., Harrow, J., Macmillan, R., Vincent, J., & Pearson, S. (1999). Making funding work: Funding regimes and local voluntary organisations. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anheier, H. K., & Leat, D. (2002). From charity to creativity: Philanthropic foundations in the 21st century. United Kingdom: Comedia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anheier, H. K., & Leat, D. (2006). Creative philanthropy: Towards a new philanthropy for the 21st century. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernholz, L., Fulton, K., & Kasper, G. (2005). On the brink of new promise: The future of U.S. community foundations. San Francisco: Blueprint Research and Design Inc., and the Monitor Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertelsmann Foundation (Ed.). (1999). Community foundations in civil society. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation.

  • Brammer, S., & Millington, A. (2005). Profit maximisation vs. agency: An analysis of charitable giving by UK firms. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 29, 517–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. D., & Kalegaonkar, A. (2002). Support organizations and the evolution of the NGO sector. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(2), 231–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. D., & Tandon, R. (1990). Strengthening the grassroots: Nature and role of support organizations. New Dehli: The Society for Participatory Research in Asia.

    Google Scholar 

  • CAF/NCVO. (2007). UK giving 2007. London: NCVO; West Mallings, Kent: CAF.

  • Carman, J. (2001). Community foundations: A growing resource for community development. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 12(1), 7–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrington, D. (2003). Venture philanthropy: A new concept or an old idea re-wrapped? In: Speech given at the Association of Charitable Foundations (ACF) Conference.

  • Carrington, D. (2005). Financing the voluntary and community sector–Future prospects and possibilities. In C. Robb (Ed.), Voluntary action: Meeting the challenges of the 21st century (pp. 97–119). London: NCVO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, T. F. (1992). Intermediary NGOs: The supporting link in grassroots development. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, E. (2003). Making waves to build community and raise assets: A 21st century strategy for community foundations. In: Keynote address to the Community Foundation’s Annual General Meeting, September 24.

  • Craig, G., McNamee, S., Wilkinson, M., Bolton, J., Garbutt, R., Hayes, G., et al. (2005). Report no. 1: Evaluating the application process for the local network fund for children and young people. Getting the money. Research report no. 683. London: Department for Education and Skills. Available at: http://www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/RRP/u014617/index.shtml

  • Davies, J. S. (2004). The foundation as a political actor: The case of the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. Political Quarterly, 75(3), 275–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Borms, L. (2005). Foundations: Creating impact in a globalized world. Chichester: John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Communities, Local Government (DCLG). (2006a). Strong and prosperous communities: The local government white paper. London: DCLG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Communities, Local Government (DCLG). (2006b). Report from the Local Community Sector Taskforce (LCST). London: DCLG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Communities, Local Government (DCLG). (2006c). The community development challenge. London: DCLG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, W. A., & Shaw, A. (2002). Community foundations and progressive grantmaking public charities. In L. C. Burbridge, W. A. Diaz, T. Odendahl, & A. Shaw (Eds.), The meaning and impact of board and staff diversity in the philanthropic field: Findings from a national study. Joint Affinity Groups. Available at: http://www.lgbtfunder.org/lgbtfunders/JAG/diversity_study.htm

  • Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance, 13(1), 5–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowie, M. (2001). American foundations: An investigative history. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. (1997). Urban policy: The victory of form over substance? Urban Studies, 34(5/6), 825–843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forrester, C. (2005). Time for growth: Findings on an endowment challenge programme for ten UK community foundations 2001–2005. London: Esmée Fairbairn Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foundation Center. (2006). Key facts on community foundations. New York: Foundation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulton, K., & Blau, A. (2005). Looking out for the future: An orientation for twenty-first century philanthropists. San Francisco: Monitor Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garonzik, E. (1999). Community foundations and civil society. In Community Foundations in Civil Society (pp. 16–20). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graddy, E. A., & Morgan, D. L. (2006). Community foundations, organizational strategy and public policy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(4), 605–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grønberg, K. A. (2006). Foundation legitimacy at the community level in the United States. In K. Prewitt, M. Dogan, S. Heydmann & S. Toepler (Eds.), The legitimacy of philanthropic foundations: United States and European perspectives (pp. 150–174). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, C., & Brown, W. A. (2006). Community foundation performance: Bridging community resources and needs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(1), 267–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. D. (1989). The community foundation in America 1914–1987. In R. Magat (Ed.), Philanthropic giving studies in varieties and goals (pp. 180–199). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, R., Parzen, J., & Brown, P. (2004). Community change makers: The leadership roles of community foundations. Chicago: University of Chicago, Chaplin Hall Center for Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammack, D. C. (1989). Community foundations: The delicate question of purpose. In R. Magat (Ed.), An agile servant: Community leadership by community foundations (pp. 23–50). New York: Foundation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy, C. (2006). The new philanthropists: The new generosity. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harker, A., & Burkemann, S. (2005). Stepping up the stairs. London: Carnegie UK Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hems, L., Harris, J., & Gallagher, J. (2003). Who are the givers? Briefing paper on British social attitudes to charitable giving. London: Institute for Philanthropy. Available at: http://www.instituteforphilanthropy.org.uk/CobraManagedFiles/Who_Are_The_Givers.pdf

  • Hepburn, G. (2002). Learning to juggle. Available at: http://www.tcfn.efc.be/resources/Civil_Society_Social_Justice/Learning_to_Juggle

  • Hero, P. de Courcy (2005). Convene, connect, endow: Community foundations in the 21st century. Alliance Extra. Available at: http://www.allavida.org/alliance/azsep05c.html

  • HM Treasury/Cabinet Office. (2007). The future role of the third sector in economic and social regeneration: Final report. London: The Stationery Office.

  • Home Office. (2005). A generous society. London: Home Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, G. (1999). The development of community foundations in the United Kingdom. In Community Foundations in Civil Society (pp. 39–49). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, G., & Gilbert, H. (2007). United Kingdom: Community foundation trends and strategies. In: Transatlantic Community Foundation Network Academy, The future of community foundations: A transatlantic perspective (pp. 49–53). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.

  • Jochum, V., Pratten, B., & Wilding, K. (2005). Civil renewal and active citizenship: A guide to the debate. London: NCVO.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, R. (2007). Beyond the cheque: How venture philanthropists add value. Skoll Centre Working Paper, Saïd Business School.

  • John, R., Davies, R., & Mitchell, L. (2007). Give and let give: Building a culture of philanthropy in the financial services industry. London: Policy Exchange.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. D., Johnson, S. P., & Kingman, A. (2004). Promoting philanthropy: Global challenges and approaches [International Network on Strategic Philanthropy]. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karl, B. D., & Katz, S. N. (1981). The American private philanthropic foundations and the public sphere, 1880–1930. Minerva, 19, 236–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, S. (2005). What does it mean to say that philanthropy is “effective”? The philanthropists new clothes. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 149(2), 123–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. (2006). Across the great divide. The Guardian, November 8.

  • Kilmurray, A. (2003). Building a foundation for change: A personal reflection on 25 years of community foundation support for community action. Belfast: Community Foundation for Northern Ireland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottasz, R. (2004). Differences in the donor behaviour characteristics of young affluent males and females: Empirical evidence from Britain. Voluntas, 15(2), 181–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lannon, J. (2003). Managing major donors: How charities manage their relationships with major donors. A Study conducted for the Institute for Philanthropy and the Ansbacher Group. London: Institute for Philanthropy.

  • Leat, D. (1995). British foundations: The organization and management of grant-making. Voluntas, 6(3), 317–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leat, D. (2001). Grant-making foundations: Policy shapers or policy takers? In M. Harris & C. Rochester (Eds.), Voluntary organisations and social policy in Britain: Perspectives on change and choice (pp. 124–140). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leat, D. (2005). Foundations and policy involvement: Creating options. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leat, D. (2006). Foundation legitimacy at the community level in the United Kingdom. In K. Prewitt, M. Dogan, S. Heydmann, & S. Toepler (Eds.), Foundations and the challenge of legitimacy in comparative perspective (pp. 252–270). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leat, D. (2007). United Kingdom. In H. K. Anheier & S. Daly (Eds.), The politics of foundations: A comparative analysis (96–114). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leat, D., & Kumar, S. (2006). Investing in our programmes—Maximising the impact of our grant making. Big Lottery Fund Research Issue 30. London: Big Lottery.

  • Ledwith, M. (2005). Community development: A critical approach. Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, J. (1989). Creating community capital: Birth and growth of community foundations. In R. Magat (Ed.), An agile servant (pp. 89–103). New York: Foundation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letts, C., Ryan, W., & Grossman, A. (1997). Virtuous capital: What foundations can learn from venture capitalists. Harvard Business Review, March–April, 36–44.

  • Lewis, J. (2005). New Labour’s approach to the voluntary sector: Independence and the meaning of partnership. Social Policy and Society, 4(2), 121–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, T. (2004). Why rich people give. London: Association of Charitable Foundations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Low, N., Butt, S., Ellis Paine, A., & Smith, J. D. (2007). Helping out: A national survey of volunteering and charitable giving. London: Cabinet Office, Office for the Third Sector.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe, J. S. (2004). Community foundations: What do they offer community development? Journal of Urban Affairs, 26(2), 221–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. G. (2004). Nonprofit foundations and grassroots organizing: Reshaping urban governance. The Professional Geographer, 56(3), 394–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKersie, W. S. (1999). Local philanthropy matters: Pressing issue for research and practice. In E. Condliffe Lagemann (Ed.), Philanthropic foundations: New scholarships, new possibilities (pp. 329–358). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, A., & Hartnell, C. (2006). Community foundations: Silver bullet or just part of the answer? Alliance, March. Available at: http://www.allavida.org/alliance/mar06 h.html

  • Murphy, P. W., & Cunningham, J. V. (2003). Organizing for community controlled development: Renewing civil society. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy (NCRP). (1994). Community foundations and the disenfranchised: Summary report on ten top community foundations’ responsiveness to low income and other historically disenfranchised groups in American Society. Washington, DC: NCRP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orton, M., & Rowlingson, K. (2007). Public attitudes to economic inequality. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, S. P. (2000). Reformulating Wolfenden? The roles and impact of local development agencies in supporting voluntary and community action. Local Government Studies, 26(4), 23–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, S. P., Beattie, R., & Williamson, A. (2006). The impact of local voluntary and community sector involvement in rural regeneration partnerships. Public Money and Management, 26(4), 235–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrander, S. (2007). The growth of donor control: Revisiting the social relations of philanthropy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 36(2), 356–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (1964). English Philanthropy, 1660–1990. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pharoah, C. (2008). Family foundation philanthropy. Report on the giving of the largest charitable family foundations in the US, the UK, and the rest of Europe 2008, Cass Business School (London), Centre for Charity Effectiveness.

  • Popple, K. (1995). Analysing community work: Its theory and practice. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (1999). Philanthropy’s new agenda: Creating value. Harvard Business Review, November–December, 121–130.

  • Prochaska, F. (1988). The voluntary impulse: Philanthropy in modern Britain. London: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner, T., & Wolpert, J. (1981). The nonprofit sector in the metropolitan economy. Economic Geography, 57(1), 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roelefs, J. (2003). Foundations and public policy: The mask of pluralism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, E. (2005). 2005 Community foundation global status report. Brussels: WINGS-CF. Available at: http://www.wingsweb.org

  • Sacks, E. (Ed.) (2006). Community foundation: Symposium on a global movement. Brussels: WINGS-CF. Available at: http://www.wingsweb.org

  • Salamon, L. M. (1987). Partners in public service. In W. W. Powell (Ed.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (pp. 99–117). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Foundations in time: Where are we now? New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising, 45, 11–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoker, G. (2004). Transforming local governance: From Thatcherism to new labour. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, D. (2000). Non-governmental policy transfer: The strategies of independent policy institutes. Governance, 13(1), 45–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szanton, P. (2003). Toward more effective use of intermediaries. In P. Patrizi, K. Sherwood, & A. Spector (Eds.), Practice matters: The improving philanthropy project. New York: Foundation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. (2003). Public policy in the community. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M., Craig, G., Monro, S., Parkes, T., Warburton, D., & Wilkinson, M. (2004). A sea change or a swamp? New spaces for voluntary sector engagement in governance in the UK. IDS Bulletin, 35(2), 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M., & Warburton, D. (2003). Legitimacy and the role of UK third sector organizations in the policy process. Voluntas, 14(3), 321–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, L., & Caulier-Grice, T. (2007). Discussion paper. Improving small scale grant funding for local voluntary and community organisations. London: Young Foundation.

  • Transatlantic Community Foundation Network (TCFN)/Bertelsmann Foundation. (2008). Community Foundations worldwide update 2007. Available at: http://www.tcfn.efc.be

  • Transatlantic Community Foundation Network Academy. (2007). The future of community foundations: A transatlantic perspective. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walkenhorst, P. (Ed.). (2001). Building philanthropic capital: The work of community foundations. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, F. (2005). United Kingdom. In E. Sacks (Ed.), Community foundation global status report. Part Two: Country profiles (pp. 138–142). Brussels: WINGS-CF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. (2001). Generosity vs. altruism: Philanthropy and charity in the United States and United Kingdom. Voluntas, 12(4), 399–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ylvisaker, P. N. (1989). Community and community foundations in the next century. In R. Magat (Ed.), An agile servant: Community leadership by community foundations (pp. 51–61). New York: Foundation Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, K., Gosschalk, B., & Hatter, W. (1996). In search of community identity. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to acknowledge the support of the British Academy Small Research Grants Scheme and to thank those who agreed to be interviewed as part of this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Arts and Social Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE 18ST, UK

    Siobhan Daly

Authors
  1. Siobhan Daly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Siobhan Daly.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Daly, S. Institutional Innovation in Philanthropy: Community Foundations in the UK. Voluntas 19, 219–241 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9067-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-008-9067-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation