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Prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms and factors affecting urolithiasis

  • Urology - Review
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Abstract

The formation of urinary stone, urolithiasis, is one the oldest known disease affecting human throughout different civilizations and times. The exact pathophysiological mechanism of urolithiasis is not yet clear, as these calculi are of various types and too complex for simple understanding. A single theory cannot explain its formation; therefore, different theories are presented in various times for its explanation like free particle, fixed particle, Randall’s plaque theory. In addition, various factors and components are identified that play an important role in the formation of these urinary calculi. In this review, composition of kidney stones, its prevalence/incidence, explanation of pathophysiological mechanisms and role of various factors; urinary pH, uric acid, parathyroid hormone, citrate, oxalate, calcium and macromolecules; osteopontin, matrix Gla protein, kidney injury molecules, urinary prothrombin fragment-1, Tamm–Horsfall protein, inter-α-inhibitors, have been discussed in detail.

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  1. Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions-(COSHP-J), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Mail Code: 6666, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Aslam Khan

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Khan, A. Prevalence, pathophysiological mechanisms and factors affecting urolithiasis. Int Urol Nephrol 50, 799–806 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-1849-2

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