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Sudden cardiac death in CKD patients

  • Nephrology - Review
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Abstract

The risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is high in chronic kidney disease patients, and it increases with the progression of kidney function deterioration. The most common causes of SDC are the following: ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, tachycardia torsade de pointes, sustained ventricular fibrillation and bradyarrhythmia. Dialysis influences cardiovascular system and results in hemodynamic disturbances as well as electrolyte shifts altering myocardial electrophysiology. Studies suggest that this procedure exerts both detrimental (poor volume control can exacerbate hypertension and left ventricle hypertrophy) and beneficial effects (associated with fluid removal and subsequent decrease in left ventricle stretch). Dialysis-related vulnerability to serious arrhythmias is the result of sudden shifts in fluid status and electrolytes, particularly potassium, which alter the physiological milieu. Also Ca2+ ions, in which concentration alters during dialysis, are of key importance in the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes, thus exerting significant effects on hemodynamics. Due to the fact that SCD occurs with similar frequency in peritoneal dialysis and in hemodialysis patients, it seems that end-stage renal disease factors are more important than the specific ones associated with dialysis type. The results of randomized trials suggested that hemodialysis patients may not derive the same benefit of cardiovascular disease therapy including beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as the general population with normal kidney function. Noninvasive tests used to stratify SCD risk in HD patients have poor positive value, and thus, combining tests including HRV, baroreceptor sensitivity and effectiveness index as well as its function indices and heart rate turbulence should be implemented. There are only few large randomized placebo-controlled trials assessing the influence of cardioprotective medications or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in dialysis patients on life quality and survival, and their results are sometimes contradictory. The decision concerning treatment and/or ICD implantation in this group of patients should be made on the basis of careful assessment of individual risk factors. Moreover, due to the high hazard of cardiovascular mortality including SCD in dialysis patients, physicians should concentrate on the early selection of high-risk patients, monitoring them and introduction of preventive measures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Family Medicine, WAM University Hospital, Żeromskiego 113, 90-549, Lodz, Poland

    Beata Franczyk-Skóra, Anna Gluba-Brzózka & Jacek Rysz

  2. Chair of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Department of Electrocardiology, WAM University Hospital, Lodz, Poland

    Jerzy Krzysztof Wranicz

  3. Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Maciej Banach

  4. Healthy Aging Research Center, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Anna Gluba-Brzózka, Maciej Banach & Jacek Rysz

  5. Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland

    Robert Olszewski

Authors
  1. Beata Franczyk-Skóra
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  2. Anna Gluba-Brzózka
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  3. Jerzy Krzysztof Wranicz
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  4. Maciej Banach
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  5. Robert Olszewski
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  6. Jacek Rysz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anna Gluba-Brzózka.

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Franczyk-Skóra, B., Gluba-Brzózka, A., Wranicz, J.K. et al. Sudden cardiac death in CKD patients. Int Urol Nephrol 47, 971–982 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-015-0994-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-015-0994-0

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