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Diversity and richness of the herbaceous plants on urbanized and non-urbanized dunes on the Brazilian Amazonian coast

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Abstract

Urbanization directly affects the structure of vegetation, which makes essential studies focused on understanding and conserving the biodiversity along urban environments. This study aimed to describe the structure of the vegetation and identify the predominant herbaceous species in non-urbanized and urbanized sand dune areas, analyzing their diversity and richness in Maranhão Island. The study was conducted in six dunes area, in which were allocated where 150 plots were allocated in three urbanized area, and 150 plots in three non-urbanized area. We counted all the herbs in each plot (1 m2), recording data on richness, diversity and vegetation cover. To evaluate the difference in the composition of the areas, the following tests were used: Shapiro-Wilk W test (data distribution), Student t test (species richness) and Hutcheson t test (diversity comparison). We recorded 3,643 individuals: of this total, 2,075 individuals in urbanized dunes and 1,568 individuals in non-urbanized dunes; we found 91 species, 59 genera and 27 families. Richness was higher in urbanized areas; however, non-urbanized areas showed greater diversity and uniformity. The floristic composition of the areas differed, according to the species indicator, showing 19 typical urbanized dune species and 9 non-urbanized dune species. NMDS showed that the urbanized and non-urbanized dunes presented distinct species compositions and densities; the ANOSIM revealed a significant correlation between the type of dune and the degree of taxonomic similarity between plots. The diversity of the herbaceous vegetation provides important data that can be used to guide research on conservation and management of dune areas.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

To FAPEMA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão), by enabled the execution of the research. Universidade Federal do Maranhão for the infrastructure, support and availability of vehicles for field work, and “Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos” (FINEP). Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) (Finance code 001) for the scholarship to first author. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) by the last author’s productivity grant (grant n° 316031/2021-6 to EBAJ). To the researchers of the Laboratório de Estudos Botânicos for supporting this research.

Funding

The authors would like to thank the FAPEMA (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico do Maranhão), and receipt of Master Studentship grant of first author (BM-01278/15). Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES (finance code 001). Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (grant n° 316031/2021-6 to EBAJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. M.Sc. em Biodiversidade e Conservação. Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia legal (BIONORTE), Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

    Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim

  2. Dra. em Botânica, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil

    Patrícia Barbosa Lima

  3. Dr. em Botânica, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Estadual do Piauí, Campus Torquato Neto (UESPI), Teresina, Piauí, Brasil

    Francisco Soares Santos-Filho

  4. Dr. em Botânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil

    Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Jr.

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  1. Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim
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  2. Patrícia Barbosa Lima
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  3. Francisco Soares Santos-Filho
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  4. Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Jr.
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Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim and Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Jr. conceived of the research idea; Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim collected data; Patricia Barbosa Lima performed statistical analyses and created figures; Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim, Francisco Soares Santos-Filho, and Eduardo Bezerra de Almeida Jr. wrote the paper; all authors discussed results and commented on manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ingrid Fabiana Fonseca Amorim.

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Amorim, I.F.F., Lima, P.B., Santos-Filho, F.S. et al. Diversity and richness of the herbaceous plants on urbanized and non-urbanized dunes on the Brazilian Amazonian coast. Urban Ecosyst 26, 447–457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01341-z

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