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Effects of probiotic and yeast extract supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and growth in weaning Saanen kids

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic and yeast extract supplementation on the metabolic, immune, and oxidative status of Sannen goat kids during the weaning challenge. Forty goat kids were randomly assigned to four groups: a probiotic group (Pr) (basal diet + mixture of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lechiniformis, Streptococcus Thermophilis, and Enterococcus faecium), a yeast cell wall extract group (YC) (basal diet + Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a probiotic and yeast cell wall extract group (Pr + YC) (basal diet + mixture of probiotic and yeast cell wall extract), and a control group (basal diet). Treatments were administered 21 days prior to weaning (80 ± 2 days of life) until 21 days post-weaning except for the control group. Blood samples were collected at four different time points, including 21 days before weaning, 2 days post-weaning (weaning time), 7 days post-weaning, and 21 days post-weaning. Average levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), serum adenosine deaminase (ADA), nitric oxide (NO), ferritin, glucose, cortisol, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), Β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), and body weight were measured. The average levels of cortisol tended to be higher in the Pr group in comparison to the control group (P = 0.07) and the Pr + YC group (P = 0.10). NEFA was found to be higher and tended to be higher in the control group compared to the Pr + YC group (P > 0.001) and Pr group (P = 0.10), respectively. Additionally, the BHBA concentration was higher in the control group compared to the Pr group (P > 0.001). No differences were observed in the concentration of other measured parameters among the treatments. The concentration of cortisol tended to be higher (P = 0.10) at the weaning time as compared to the third sampling time. Furthermore, the concentration of TAC was observed to be higher (P > 0.01) at the weaning time in comparison to the third and fourth sampling times. The concentration of NO was higher (P > 0.01) at the third sampling time when compared to the first sampling time. A reduction in NEFA and BHBA levels may suggest an improvement in the metabolic status of the supplemented animals during the weaning challenge. However, supplementation with probiotics and yeast cell wall extract did not appear to have an effect on the oxidative status of the animals. The increase in TAC and NO levels observed during the weaning time may indicate an increase in oxidative stress during this period.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the [Dr. Kazemi Project] repository, [PERSISTENT LINK TO DATASETS].

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Research Council of Shiraz University and School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, for their financial and technical support. The authors further want to thank the owners and staff of the Pharmed Daroo BIOTECH company, Shiraz, Iran for their cooperation.

Funding

This study was financed by Ph.D. Student project grant Number 99GCB1M154694 by School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7144169155, Iran

    Sajjad Kazemi, Ali Hajimohammadi & Saeed Nazifi

  2. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Ahmadreza Mirzaei

Authors
  1. Sajjad Kazemi
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  2. Ali Hajimohammadi
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  3. Ahmadreza Mirzaei
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  4. Saeed Nazifi
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [AH], [SK], [SN], and [AM]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [AM], and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Hajimohammadi.

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Ethics approval

All the Saanen kids used in this experiment were handled in accordance with the technical regulations and the guidelines set out by the committee of animal ethics of Shiraz University, Iran. The protocols of the study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University (IACUC no: 4687/63). Additionally, the recommendations of the European Council Directive (86/609/EC) of November 24, 1986, regarding the standards for protecting animals used in experiments were noted.

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Kazemi, S., Hajimohammadi, A., Mirzaei, A. et al. Effects of probiotic and yeast extract supplementation on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and growth in weaning Saanen kids. Trop Anim Health Prod 55, 282 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03695-0

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