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Studies on the coordination chemistry of methylated xanthines and their imidazolium salts. Part 1: benzyl derivatives

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Abstract

New imidazolium salts derived from the natural methylated xanthines theophylline, theobromine and caffeine, namely 1,3-dimethyl-9-benzylxanthinium bromide (tphBzBr, 1a), 3,7-dimethyl-9-benzylxanthinium bromide (tbrBzBr, 2a) and 1,3,7-trimethyl-9-benzylxanthinium bromide (caffBzBr, 3a), are reported. Also, the disubstituted analog of 1a, 1,3-dimethyl-7,9-dibenzylxanthinium bromide (tphBz2Br, 1a′) was identified and characterized by NMR. The coordination chemistry of ligands 1a–3a toward palladium, and some theoretical aspects of the unmodified theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are studied. Our results prove that the theophylline derivative has the thermodynamic tendency to form N-bonded species, even when an equilibrium between the Pd–NHC and the “theophyllinate” was observed spectroscopically, due to the anisotropy of the NHC ligand. To confirm the N-coordination, the solid state structure of the new “theophyllinate” species PdBr2(tphBz-H)2 (4), derived from 1a, was determined by X-ray diffraction. The analog with theobromine, ligand 2a, coordinates to palladium via N1, in an analogous manner to 1a, and a mixture of the cis/trans isomers of its palladium complex is obtained. On the other hand, since there is no possibility of N-coordination in 3a, this caffeine derivative forms a Pd-NHC compound after deprotonation with a strong base. Both the theoretical results and the experimental evidence are in accordance, in terms of the predicted coordination sites or possibility of modification of the selected methylated xanthines to obtain new ligands.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Decanato de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Universidad Simón Bolívar (DID-USB) for promoting this scientific activity, and Laboratorios FARMA (Caracas, Venezuela) for a generous loan on theophylline. We also thank ETH Zürich DCHAB/LOC MS-Service for performing the HRMS analyses and Lic. Giuseppe Lubes for some previous synthetic tests.

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Author notes

  1. Rafael E. Rodríguez-Lugo

    Present address: Laboratory for Inorganic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, HCI-H136, Zürich, Switzerland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Valle de Sartenejas, Baruta. Apartado 89000, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela

    Vanessa R. Landaeta, Rafael E. Rodríguez-Lugo & Eloy N. Rodríguez-Arias

  2. Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela

    David S. Coll-Gómez

  3. Centro de Química, Laboratorio Nacional de Difracción de Rayos X, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela

    Teresa González

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  1. Vanessa R. Landaeta
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Correspondence to Vanessa R. Landaeta.

Electronic supplementary material

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11243_2009_9310_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Representation of the frontier orbitals for Theophylline (1). a) The molecule of theophylline; b) HOMO for 1; c) LUMO for 1

11243_2009_9310_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Representation of the frontier orbitals for Theobromine (2). a) The molecule of theobromine; b) HOMO for 2; c) LUMO for 2

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Landaeta, V.R., Rodríguez-Lugo, R.E., Rodríguez-Arias, E.N. et al. Studies on the coordination chemistry of methylated xanthines and their imidazolium salts. Part 1: benzyl derivatives. Transition Met Chem 35, 165–175 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11243-009-9310-0

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