Abstract
Manifestations of the 11-year solar cycle and longer time-scale variability in the heliosphere and cosmic rays are considered. We briefly review the cyclic variability of such heliospheric parameters as solar wind speed and density and heliospheric magnetic field, open magnetic flux and latitude variations of the heliospheric current sheet. It is discussed whether the local in-situ observation near Earth can represent the global 3D heliospheric pattern. Variability of cosmic rays near Earth provides an indirect useful tool to study the heliosphere. We discuss details of the heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays, as recorded at and near Earth, and their relation to the heliospheric conditions in the outer heliosphere. On the other hand, solar energetic particles can serve as probes for explosive phenomena on the Sun and conditions in the corona and inner heliosphere. The occurrence of major solar proton events depicts an overall tendency to follow the solar cycle but individual events may appear at different phases of the solar cycle, as defined by various factors. The solar cycle in the heliosphere and cosmic rays depicts a complex pattern which includes different processes and cannot be described by a simple correlation with sunspot number.
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Notes
The official master list of GLEs is available at http://gle.oulu.fi.
Abbreviations
- AU:
-
Astronomical unit (the mean Sun-Earth distance, ≈1.5×1011 m)
- CME:
-
Coronal mass ejection
- CR:
-
Cosmic rays
- GLE:
-
Ground-level enhancement of cosmic rays
- GCR:
-
Galactic cosmic rays
- HCS:
-
Heliospheric current sheet
- HMF:
-
Heliospheric magnetic field
- IC:
-
Ionization chamber
- MHD:
-
Magnetohydrodynamics
- NM:
-
Neutron monitor
- OMF:
-
Open magnetic flux
- SEP:
-
Solar energetic particles
- SPE:
-
Solar proton events
- SSN:
-
Sunspot number
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Acknowledgements
This work is a result of the ISSI workshop “The Solar Activity Cycle: Physical Causes And Consequences”. G.B. acknowledges support of the RFBR grants 14-02-00905a, 14-02-10006k, 13-02-00585, 13-02-00931, 12-02-00215a and of the “Fundamental Properties of Matter and Astrophysics” Program of the Presidium of the RAS. E.W.C. acknowledges support from AFOSR Task 2301RDZ4. A.G.L. acknowledges support from AFRL contract FA8718-05-C-0036. G.K. was partly supported by the Academy of Finland. I.U.’s contribution is in the framework of the ReSoLVE Centre of Excellence (Academy of Finland, project no. 272157). Dr. Clifford Lopate is acknowledged for Huancayo/Haleakala NM data. Oulu NM data is available at http://cosmicrays.oulu.fi.
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Bazilevskaya, G.A., Cliver, E.W., Kovaltsov, G.A. et al. Solar Cycle in the Heliosphere and Cosmic Rays. Space Sci Rev 186, 409–435 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0084-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0084-0