Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the content of popular press articles about menstrual suppression, a relatively new and controversial health care option. Twenty-two American and Canadian articles, published before the FDA approval of Seasonale, were coded for basic information about and indications for menstrual suppression, viewpoints included, and coverage of risks and benefits. Menstrual suppression was most often recommended for women with menstrual disorders but was also recommended to menstruating women in general as a matter of convenience. Advocates of menstrual suppression were quoted twice as often as opponents. Monthly menstruation was frequently described as messy, inconvenient, bothersome, unhealthy, and unnecessary. From this analysis, we concluded that popular press coverage of menstrual suppression is insufficient and biased. The articles reflect and reinforce the taboo status and medicalization of menstruation. This coverage may have primed potential consumers to anticipate the FDA approval of Seasonale eagerly, to evaluate it uncritically, and to pursue it as a birth control and menstrual health option. Implications for research, health care providers, and menstrual activists are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. (2002). Women don't rely on periods as indicators of pregnancy, good health, or fertility. Women's Health Weekly, p. 16.
Braunstein, J. B., Hausfield, J., Hausfield, J., & London, A. (2003). Econoomics of reducing menstruation with trimonthly-cycle oral contraceptive therapy: Comparison with standard-cycle regimens. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 102, 699–708.
Brooks-Gunn, J. (1985). The salience and timing of the menstrual flow. Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 363–371.
Brooks-Gunn, J., & Ruble, D. N. (1980). The menstrual attitude questionnaire. Psychosomatic Medicine, 42, 503–511.
Carlson, E. S., Li, S., & Holm, K. (1997). An analysis of menopause in the popular press. Health Care for Women International, 18, 557–564.
Chrisler, J. C. (1988). Age, sex-role orientation, and attitudes toward menstruation. Psychological Reports, 63, 827–834.
Chrisler, J. C., Johnston, I. K., Champagne, N. M., & Preston, K. E. (1994). Menstrual joy: The construct and its consequences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 375–387.
Chrisler, J. C., & Johnston-Robledo, I. (2000). Motherhood and reproductive issues. In M. Biaggio & M. Hersen (Eds.), Issues in the psychology of women (pp. 199–226). New York: Plenum.
Chrisler, J. C., & Levy, K. B. (1990). The media construct a menstrual monster: A content analysis of PMS articles in the popular press. Women & Health, 16(2), 89–104.
Coutinho, E. M., & Segal, S. J. (1999). Is menstruation obsolete? New York: Oxford University Press.
Coutts, L. B., & Berg, D. H. (1993). The portrayal of the menstruating woman in menstrual advertisements. Health Care for Women International, 14, 179–191.
den Tonkelaar, I., & Oddens, B. J. (1999). Preferred frequency and characteristics of menstrual bleeding in relation to reproductive status, oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use. Contraception, 59, 357–362.
Erchull, M. J., Chrisler, J. C., Gorman, J. A., & Johnston-Robledo, I. (2002). Education and advertising: A content analysis of commercially produced booklets about menstruation. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 455–474.
Forbes, G. B., Adams-Curtis, L. E., White, K. B., & Holmgren, K. M. (2003). The role of hostile and benevolent sexism in women's and men's perceptions of menstruating women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 58–63.
Gannon, L., & Sevens, J. (1998). Portraits of menopause in the media. Women & Health, 27(3), 1–15.
Geller, S. E., Harlow, S. D., & Bernstein, S. J. (1999). Differences in menstrual bleeding characteristics, functional status, and attitudes toward menstruation in three groups of women. Journal of Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, 8, 533–540.
Golub, S. (1992). Periods: From menarche to menopause. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Glasier, A. F., Smith, K. B., van der Spuy, Z. M., Ho, P. C., Cheng, L., Dada, K., et al. (2003). Amenorrhea associated with contraception: An international study on acceptability. Contraception, 67, 1–8.
Grumman, R. (2000). Kiss your period good-bye. Cosmopolitan, pp. 249–251.
Hitchcock, C. L., & Prior, J. C. (2003). Experiments and opinions on menstrual suppression from the scientific literature. In N. Reame (Chair), The menstrual suppression controversy: medical, psychological and sociocultural perspectives. Symposium presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, Pittsburgh, PA.
Johnson, S. K. (2001). No more periods? Ladies’ Home Journal, pp. 70–72.
Johnston-Robledo, I., Ball, M., Lauta, K., & Zekoll, A. (2003). To bleed or not to bleed: Young women's attitudes toward menstrual suppression. Women & Health, 38, 59–75.
Kissling, E. A. (1996). Bleeding out loud: Communication about menstruation. Feminism & Psychology, 6, 481–504.
Kowalski, R. M., & Chapple, T. (2000). The social stigma of menstruation: Fact or fiction? Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 74–80.
Kwiecien, M., Edelman, A., Nichols, M. D., & Jensen, J. T. (2003). Bleeding patterns and patient acceptability of standard or continuous dosing regimens of a low-dose oral contraceptive: A randomized trial. Contraception, 67, 9–13.
Lyons, A. C. (2000). Examining media respresentations: Benefits for health psychology. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 349–358.
Martinez, R., Johnston-Robledo, I., Ulsh, H. M., & Chrisler, J. C. (2000). Singing the blues: A content analysis of postpartum depression articles in the popular press. Women & Health, 31(2/3), 37–56.
McKeever, P. (1984). The perpetuation of menstrual shame: Implications and directions. Women & Health, 9, 33–47.
Miller, L., & Hughes, J. P. (2003). Continuous combination oral contraceptive pills to eliminate withdrawal bleeding: A randomized trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 101, 653–661.
Miller, L., & Notter, K. M. (2001). Menstrual reduction with extended use of combination oral contraceptive pills: Randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 98, 771–778.
Morse, J. M., & Kieren, D. (1993). The Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, part II: Normative scores. Health Care for Women International, 14, 63–76.
Oxley, T. (1998). Menstrual management: An exploratory study. Feminism & Psychology, 8, 185–191.
Roberts, T. A. (2004). Female trouble: The menstrual self-evaluation scale and women's self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 22–26.
Roberts, T. A., Goldenberg, J. L., Power, C., & Pyszczynski, T. (2002). “Feminine protection”: The effects of menstruation on attitudes toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 131–139.
Sucato, G. S., & Gold, M. A. (2002). Tips for clinicians: Extended cycling of oral contraceptive pills for adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Adolescent Gynecology, 15, 325–327.
Sulak, P. J., Kuehl, T. J., Ortiz, M., & Shull, B. L. (2002). Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186, 1142–1149.
Weston, L. C., & Ruggiero, J. A. (1985). The popular approach to women's health issues: A content analysis of women's magazines in the 1970s. Women & Health, 10(4), 47–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the June 2003 meeting of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, Pittsburgh, PA.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Johnston-Robledo, I., Barnack, J. & Wares, S. “Kiss Your Period Good-Bye”: Menstrual Suppression in the Popular Press. Sex Roles 54, 353–360 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9007-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-006-9007-1